Notes

Wide Band Gap P3S Monolayer together with Anisotropic and also Ultrahigh Company Range of motion.
INTRODUCTION In Bangladesh, human sludge from dry pit latrines is commonly applied directly to agricultural lands as manure. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and plasmid contents of E. coli strains isolated from sludge samples. METHODOLOGY E. coli were isolated from human feces from closed pit latrines and identified by culture method. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by Standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Pathogenic genes and antibiotic resistance genes of ESBL producing isolates were determined by PCR assay. RESULTS Of the 34 samples tested, 76.5% contained E. coli. Of 72 E. coli isolates, 76.4% were resistant to at least one of the 12 antibiotics tested and 47.2% isolates were resistant to three or four classes of antibiotics. Around 18% isolates were extended spectrum β- lactamase producing and of them 6 were positive for blaTEM specific gene, 4 for blaCTX-M gene, 1 for blaOXA gene and 2 for both blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes. Moreover, among 72 isolates, 4.2% carried virulence genes of enterotoxigenic E. coli; two isolates were positive for st and one was positive for both st and lt genes. In addition, 59.7% of the isolates contained plasmids (range 1.4 to 140 MDa) of which 19.5% isolates contained a single plasmid and 40.2% contained multiple plasmids. CONCLUSIONS The presence of pathogenic, drug resistant E. coli in human sludge necessitates a regular surveillance before using as a biofertilizer. Copyright (c) 2019 Zahid Hayat Mahmud, Farozaan Fatima Shirazi, Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey, Mohammad Imtiazul Islam, Mir Alvee Ahmed, Tanvir Noor Nafiz, Khan Mohammad Imran, Jinath Sultana, Md Shafiqul Islam, Mohammad Aminul Islam, Md Sirajul Islam.INTRODUCTION Camel meat is a relatively new, emerging meat type that may serve as sources of foodborne pathogens to the consumer. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the microbiological safety and quality of camel meat from an abattoir and retail houses in Jigjiga city, Ethiopia. A total of 140 camel carcass and retail meat samples (70 each) were examined for the presence and load of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157 H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., aerobic bacteria, fecal coliforms (FCs), and yeast and molds (Y and Ms). Presumptive isolates were confirmed using biochemical tests. RESULTS S. Terephthalic mouse aureus and E. coli O157 H7 populations varied widely between carcasses at the abattoir and retail meat samples. S. aureus and E. coli O157H7 were detected in 12.1 and 4.3% of the samples, respectively. E. coli O157H7 counts were significantly higher in retail meat (4.21 ± 0.02) compared to the carcasses (3.99 ± 0.00) at the abattoir (P less then 0.05). Out of 140 samples analyzed, 5% were positive for Campylobacter spp. The mean fecal coliforms, and yeast and molds counts were significantly higher in retail meat samples (6.17 ± 0.067 and 4.95 ± 0.067 log10 cfug-1, respectively). L. monocytogenes (11 cfug-1) were detected below the permissible limit (100 cfug-1). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the further the process progress, the greater the risk of contamination to the product. Therefore, good hygienic practices at the abattoir and retail houses and strict slaughtering process should be prompted to enhance the overall safety and quality of camel meat. Copyright (c) 2019 Henok Ayalew Tegegne, Amare Berhanu, Yitbarek Getachew, Biresaw Serda, Dagmar Nölkes, Sissay Tilahun, Berhanu Sibhat.INTRODUCTION Health care-associated infection (HCAI) is a serious problem of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) which is related to morbidity, mortality and increased cost of medical care. This study aimed to determine the incidence of HCAI in a tertiary NICU and identify the risk factors. METHODOLOGY This prospective cohort study was conducted between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012. All newborns admitted to the NICU except for those who died or were discharged within 48 hours after admission were included. The definitions of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used to diagnose specific types of infections. The incidence, causative organisms, risk factors and mortality of HCAIs were evaluated. RESULTS Among 352 newborns, a total of 60 HCAI episodes were evaluated in 37 (10.5%) of the patients over 5,212 patient-days. The overall incidence of HCAI was 17%, and the rate was 11.5/1,000 patient-days. Blood stream infection (BSI) was the most common HCAI (n = 42, 70%). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of a central venous catheter/umbilical catheter (CVC/UC), the presence of a urinary catheter, and gestational age ( less then 32 weeks of gestation) were identified as significant independent risk factors. Gram-negative pathogens were the most common isolates. The overall mortality rate was 4%. The HCAI-related mortality rate was 10.8%. CONCLUSIONS Patient care quality can be improved with surveillance of HCAI. The incidence and rate of HCAI in our NICU were found to be higher than international reports with a direct impact on mortality of preterm infants. Copyright (c) 2019 Atila Kilic, Emel Okulu, Bilge Aldemir Kocabas, Serdar Alan, Ufuk Cakir, Duran Yildiz, Dilek Kahvecioglu, Ilke Mungan Akin, Omer Erdeve, Saadet Arsan, Erdal Ince, Begum Atasay.Human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) have the ability to release cytokines and to differentiate into the three germ layers. To date, the relevance of hPMSCs for the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) disease through the regulation of oxidative stress is still unclear. Therefore, to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency and investigate the mechanism of hPMSCs, we generated a mouse model of POI and collected human ovarian granule cells (hGCs) from patients with POI. hPMSCs displayed therapeutic effects on POI ovarian function, including recovered follicular numbers and increased expression of oocyte markers. Furthermore, secretion of the cytokine EGF (epidermal growth factor) was higher from hPMSCs than it was from other cells. FACS and Western blot analyses showed that EGF elevated the proliferation and reduced the apoptosis in hGCs. hPMSCs and EGF inhibited oxidative stress levels. Protein assays demonstrated that EGF suppressed oxidative stress by dose-dependently upregulating the expression of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway, and it inhibited the apoptosis by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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