Notes

Olfactory Learning Supports a good Adaptable Sugar-Aversion Gustatory Phenotype from the German Cockroach.
A combination of an amalgam condenser and the wet cotton wool pellet was the least effective method of condensation. Lateral radiographs revealed much fewer spaces between the ZOE and pulpal floor in comparison to antero-posterior images.
Voids appeared with all three techniques. A combination of an amalgam condenser and the wet cotton wool pellet was the least effective method of condensation. Lateral radiographs revealed much fewer spaces between the ZOE and pulpal floor in comparison to antero-posterior images.
We evaluated the effect of chitosan gel on total oral bacteria,
,
, and
, during orthodontic treatment with mini-implants.

Thirty subjects with 52 orthodontic mini-implants were divided into three groups one group was treated with chitosan gel, the other group with chlorhexidine gel, and the control group with placebo. The plaque of the orthodontic
-mini-implant area was collected before and after gel treatment. The total oral bacteria and
bacteria of
,
, and
were determined with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

Thirty-four orthodontic mini-implants (65.38%) appeared as healthy and showed no clinical signs of inflammation. The total number of bacteria was reduced after chitosan gel application. The highest decrease in the proportion of
was observed in the chlorhexidine gel application group, which showed a value of 70.86%, whereas the chitosan gel application showed a reduction of only 26.59%, and the control gel application showed the lowest reduction effect of only 2.55%. The difference in the reduction between gel application groups was significant (P<0.05) for
and
.

The gel containing chitosan reduced the levels of total oral bacteria and
bacteria.
The gel containing chitosan reduced the levels of total oral bacteria and red-complex bacteria.
The aim of this is to evaluate the prevalence and location of the accessory mental foramen (AMF) in a Saudi population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)


CBCT data were retrieved from two dental facilities at two universities located in two different cities and filtered over a period of four years. The scans were aligned when the AMF was noticed, and then the size of both the AMF and mental foramen (MF), its location, and the distance from the AMF to the MF were recorded. The AMF measurements were compared between males and females and between the two sides of the mandible.

In total, 603 CBCT scans were investigated. The percentage of scans with an AMF was 9.95% (n=60), and AMFs were almost equally distributed on both sides. Only four cases (0.66%) of a second AMF were detected among the scans. The MFs on both sides were significantly larger in males than in females (P>0.05), but they showed no differences in the sizes of the AMFs. The AMFs were most commonly located inferior and posterior to the MF. The distance between the MF and AMF ranged from 2.32 to 5mm.

The prevalence of the AMF in this Saudi population was 9.95%, and it was significantly more prevalent in males than in females. Its proximity to the MF makes it clinically important to conduct proper detailed planning prior to performing any procedure that might risk the vital structures.
The prevalence of the AMF in this Saudi population was 9.95%, and it was significantly more prevalent in males than in females. Its proximity to the MF makes it clinically important to conduct proper detailed planning prior to performing any procedure that might risk the vital structures.
The available treatment options fail to provide definitive or curative management for bruxer patients rehabilitated with implant overdentures (OD). The data regarding Botulinum toxin (BTX) injection as a management strategy for bruxism remains unclear. This randomized, single-blinded, control-group, pretest-posttest prospective trial evaluated the occlusal guard and Botox injections (BTX) effectiveness in managing sleep bruxism (SB) in subjects whose one of the edentulous arches had been restored with the implant-supported OD.

Forty-two patients diagnosed with definite bruxism were selected, all of which had implant-retained ODs opposing natural dentition. The participants were allocated randomly to three equal groups. Participants in group I (control group) were instructed to remove the OD at night; group II was managed with conventional occlusal stents. Those in group III were given BTX injections. New ODs were constructed for all groups, and all ball attachments were replaced with a new nylon cap. A baxer patients rehabilitated with single arch implant overdentures.
To analyze the quality of mandibular trabecular structure in postmenopausal women using periapical radiographs. Postmenopausal women are subjected to low bone quality; hence, early detection methods are needed. In addition to bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular architecture must be assessed to determine bone quality. The mandible represents bone quality and allows the assessment of trabecular structure from periapical radiographs.

Lumbar (BMDL) and femoral BMD (BMDF) examinations were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 31 postmenopausal women and divided into normal, osteopenia, and osteoporotic groups. Periapical radiographs were taken at both posterior sites of the mandible. The region of interest was taken 2mm from the apical root of the first molar. Trabecular parameters consisting of trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and bone percentage (BA/TA) were measured using BoneJ.

Both trabecular parameters were significantly correlated with BMDF [BA/TA (r=0.3796; p<0.05) and Tb.Th (r=0.508; p<0.05)]. BA/TA and Tb.Th were significantly different between the osteoporosis and normal groups (p<0.05) contrast to osteopenia and normal groups (p>0.05).

Changes in mandibular trabeculae structure in postmenopausal women can be assessed using periapical radiographs.
Changes in mandibular trabeculae structure in postmenopausal women can be assessed using periapical radiographs.
Periodontitis, a complex infectious disease that may lead to irreversible loss of periodontium, is considered a predisposing agent for developing insulin resistance due to the release of inflammatory mediators, showing a bilateral relationship with diabetes mellitus. The investigation of periodontal disease requires a clinical approach and complete intraoral radiographs, even with increasing concerns about radiation exposure. Thus, this study assesses pixel linear analysis accuracy using digital radiography via Digora® in detecting alveolar bone destruction in diabetic rats with periodontal disease.

40 rats were divided into groups (n=10) control (C), rats with periodontal disease (PD), experimental diabetic rats (ED), experimental diabetic rats with periodontal disease (ED-PD). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and periodontal disease by periodontal ligature. After 30days, maxillae bone destruction was obtained by linear analysis of vertical bone loss using digital radiography and then assessed by micro-CT and histology. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05).

Radiographic, micro-CT and histological analysis presented accurate and similar results. PD and ED-PD groups showed higher bone destruction than C and ED groups (p<0.05). Moreover, the ED-PD group had higher bone loss than the PD group (p<0.05).

The pixel linear analysis via digital radiography was an accurate, low-cost alternative in detecting alveolar bone loss in this rat model. Micro-CT and histological analysis may also be used to obtain linear measures to assess and compare periodontal bone destruction in diabetic rats.
The pixel linear analysis via digital radiography was an accurate, low-cost alternative in detecting alveolar bone loss in this rat model. Micro-CT and histological analysis may also be used to obtain linear measures to assess and compare periodontal bone destruction in diabetic rats.
Recurrent aphthous ulcers are common but poorly understood mucosal disorder. Local and systemic conditions, genetic, immunological, and microbial factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAS). Different aetiologies and mechanisms might be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of aphthous ulceration. Cytokines are thought to play an important role and high levels of interleukin (IL)-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, have been detected in the circulation of ulcer tissue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if polymorphisms of IL-6 gene are associated with RAS in a cohort of specific population.

A total of 37 RAS patients and 18 healthy controls were included in the study. The genotypes of IL-6 gene -174GC polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.

Four SNPs were analyzed, one known mutation which been evaluated as a risk factor for RAS, and three new mutations were investigated. The genotype frequencies of -174GC polymorphsion that might exist between any of the detected polymorphisms.
The present study aimed to investigate the mean crestal bone loss (CBL) by placing implants using two different drilling-protocols, i.e., standard drilling with saline irrigation and low-speed drilling without saline irrigation.

The patients were enrolled in the present study from a university teaching institute. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly placed in two study groups 1) control group Standard drilling with saline irrigation and 2) test group low-speed drilling without saline irrigation. The radiographic mean crestal bone loss (CBL) was evaluated at 3months of follow-up before implant loading. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM product, Chicago, USA) and a p-value≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Sixteen patients (10 males and 6 females) participated in the study. Thirty Camlog®-screw-line implants were placed (15 implants per study group). After 3months of follow-up, the means CBL of implants placed with standard drilling and low-speed drilling protocols were 1.01±0.49mm and 0.74±0.62mm, respectively. No statistically significant difference could be recorded between two groups (p=0.206).

Dental implants placed with low-speed drilling without saline irrigation exhibited a similar CBL to implants installed with the standard drilling protocol. However, further randomised clinical trials are recommended to obtain stronger evidence and a better understanding of the effect of the low-speed drilling protocol without saline irrigation on mean CBL and long-term implant survival.
Dental implants placed with low-speed drilling without saline irrigation exhibited a similar CBL to implants installed with the standard drilling protocol. However, further randomised clinical trials are recommended to obtain stronger evidence and a better understanding of the effect of the low-speed drilling protocol without saline irrigation on mean CBL and long-term implant survival.
To assess the relations between the divergence angle of the maxillary molar roots and their proximity to the maxillary sinus floor using CBCT.

This study comprised CBCT scans of the maxilla, including at least the inferior one-third of the maxillary sinus and at least one molar present in any quadrant with complete eruption and root formation. Evaluation included the vertical relations between the maxillary molar root apices and the maxillary sinus floor (MSF), and the root divergence was measured from the root apices to the floor of the pulp chamber. The chi-square test was used for the associations between the study parameters. For the correlation between root divergence angles and MSF vertical relationship types, the Spearman test was used. A P-value<0.05 was considered significant.

A total of 100 scans were analyzed, including 316 permanent maxillary first and second molars. PF2545920 The MSF Type II vertical relationship was the most prevalent (39.6%), followed by Type I (31.3%). The highest divergence angle was found between the distobuccal and palatal roots (mean=44.
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