Notes

Flavobacterium franklandianum sp. nov. and also Flavobacterium gawalongense sp. november., isolated from its polar environment about the Tibetan Plateau.
ctive in normalizing SAP in almost all patients. PDB is intriguingly more common in South India and this needs more exploration.
The term "hijra" is used to describe eunuchs, intersex, and gender incongruent individuals from hijra community people in the Indian subcontinent. Various adversities, violence, and discrimination experienced by many of them might have adverse consequences on their quality of life (QOL). The present study was conducted to assess the QOL among adult gender incongruent individuals from the hijra community.

Data of thirty-seven hijra enrolled in the Endocrine outpatient clinic (hijra group) and thirty-seven healthy employees of the hospital (control group) were analyzed with regard to QOL. QOL was assessed by using the physical and mental health Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire. Results on continuous measurements were presented as mean ± SD and results on categorical measurements were presented in number and percent. Mann-Whitney U test or Student t-test was used to find the significance of study parameters between the two groups according to the data distribution.

In the domain namely role limitation due to emotional problem, the hijra cohort had a statistically significantly lower score (66.4 ± 20.2) versus the control cohort (83.4 ± 23.7),
= 0.002. No difference was observed between two groups with regards to other QOL domains namely general health perception, physical functioning, role limitation due to physical problem, bodily pain, general mental health, social functioning, and vitality.

QOL of the gender incongruent individuals from the hijra community included in this study and the control group comprising of hospital employees were almost similar, though the former had reported lower levels of emotional health issues than the latter.
QOL of the gender incongruent individuals from the hijra community included in this study and the control group comprising of hospital employees were almost similar, though the former had reported lower levels of emotional health issues than the latter.
Depression is prevalent in the diabetic population. Primary care physician is busy in treating diabetes and depression among them goes unnoticed. According to the American Diabetic Association, two out of three are not able to achieve glycaemic control. Diabetes and depression both share complex cause-effect relationship.

To evaluate the effect of antidepressants on glycaemic control among the adult diabetic population suffering from depression.

Cochrane database was systematically searched with search strategy andonly parallel randomized clinical trial with antidepressant and placebo group were considered. Outcome measures were HbA1c, Fasting blood glucose, weight, body mass index, treatment adherence. Data extraction form were adapted from Cochrane. Two researchers identified studies and extracted data independently. Revman was used for meta-analysis and risk of bias. Level of evidence was generated using Gradepro.

Out of 394 studies, six studies fulfilling the eligibility criteria were pooled for analysis. learn more Using mean difference (MD), meta-analysis showed significant evidence of glycaemic control in favor of antidepressant treated diabetic population compared to placebo group (n = 6 studies) (MD = - 0.32%; 95% CI = - 0.57 to 0.08). Weight, BMI does not show a any significant mean difference between two groups.

There is moderate level of evidence that antidepressants improve the glycaemic control in diabetic population suffering from depression. Understanding and treating the mental and psychological determinant with adequate control of depression should be emphasized for the diabetic population.
There is moderate level of evidence that antidepressants improve the glycaemic control in diabetic population suffering from depression. Understanding and treating the mental and psychological determinant with adequate control of depression should be emphasized for the diabetic population.Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy of lymphoid origin seen with a peak incidence between 2 and 5 years. New drug regimen has increased the cure rate, although the risk of developing a second malignancy still persists. The common second malignant neoplasms in survivors of childhood ALL are hematolymphoid malignancies, central nervous system tumors, carcinomas, sarcomas, and bone tumors with a median latency of at least 10 years. There are also examples of nonmelanotic skin tumors such as basal cell carcinoma following ALL chemotherapy, but malignant melanoma is an extremely uncommon malignancy encountered. Melanoma is associated with genetic mutations such as CDKN2A, and CDK4 with an increased prevalence of second malignancy such as the lung, pancreas, and breast. However, double malignancy of melanoma with ALL is rare. Here, we report a rare case of malignant melanoma following ALL therapy associated with composite karyotype and early relapse.Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder, characterized by alteration in the connective tissue stroma. Its association with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been recognized and conferred a special status as a distinct disease entity with improved prognosis as compared to conventional squamous cell carcinoma. Such cases of concomitant presentation of OSMF and OSCC have not yet been defined, leading to ambiguity regarding the evaluation. The concomitant occurrence of OSMF-OSCC is associated with histopathological features, unlike OSMF, yet similar to an aggressive presentation of OSCC. An indepth evaluation of the connective tissue, along with other tumor characteristics such as tissue hypoxia, inflammatory cell population, neoangiogenesis, and stromal cells fortify the possibility of these cases of concomitance being as aggressive, if not more, as compared to conventional OSCC. Thus, recognizing such cases along with the evaluation of probable prognostic indicators is necessary to improve the current understanding of tumorigenesis and progression in concomitant cases of OSMF-OSCC.
Multiple-choice question (MCQ) is frequently used assessment tool in medical education, both for certification and competitive examinations. Ill-constructed MCQs impact the utility of the assessment and thus the fate of examinee. We conducted this study to ascertain whether a short training session for faculty on MCQ writing results in desired improvement in their item-writing skills.

A 1-day workshop on constructing high-quality MCQs was conducted for the faculty as a before-after design, following training session of 3 h duration. 28 participants wrote preworkshop (
= 133) and postworkshop (
= 137) MCQs, which were analyzed and compared for 17 item-writing flaws. A mock test of 100 MCQs (selected by stratified random sampling from all the MCQs generated during the workshop) was conducted for MBBS-passed students for item analysis.

Item-writing flaws reduced following the training (15% vs. 27.7%,
< 0.05). Improvement mainly occurred in quality of options; heterogeneity dropped from 27.1% prior to the workshop to 5.
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