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Fatigue is a highly prevalent and disabling symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aetiology remains unclear, potentially resulting from neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative processes, mood disturbance, MS symptoms including pain, poor sleep, physical decompensation or medication side effects. Cross-sectional associations have been reported between fatigue and markers of physical and psychological health in people with MS. The current study examined if fluctuations in markers of physical and psychological wellbeing were associated with between-person differences in fatigue in MS.

Longitudinal data of up to 7 years was available of 3369 people with MS who were enrolled in the UK MS Register. Participants completed MS impact scale ratings and MS walking scales up to 4 times per year for up to 7 years. Fatigue was assessed at one time point using the Fatigue Severity Scale. Multilevel analyses were conducted to examine the degree of variance in the outcome measures accounted for by fatigue.

Fatigue was associated with fluctuations in depression, MS impact, and walking ability, and to a lesser extent with fluctuations in anxiety and perceived health status. Interference of fatigue in participation in social activities and work-related responsibilities and the physical effects of fatigue were most strongly related to MS-related outcomes.

Given the strong associations between fatigue and many MS outcomes, fatigue management interventions are likely to impact on different aspects of physical and psychological wellbeing in MS.
Given the strong associations between fatigue and many MS outcomes, fatigue management interventions are likely to impact on different aspects of physical and psychological wellbeing in MS.The present study aimed to investigate the association between rate of torque development (RTD), rate of activation (RoA), and muscle structure [muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), intramuscular fat (IMAT) and high density lean muscle (HDL)] with the weight transfer phase (WTP) during a choice reaction step test (CST) in older adults. Fifteen healthy older adults (7 females) participated in this study. Stance leg hip adductors RTD at 100, 150, and 200 ms, showed a significant inverse correlation with WTP (r ≥ 0.658, P ≤ 0.010). selleck products There was a significant inverse relationship between WTP and adductor magnus and tensor fascia latae RoA at all time points (RoA0-50-RoA0-200; r ≥ 0.707, P ≤ 0.033). In contrast, the WTP was not significantly associated with the hip abductor RTD, gluteus medius RoA, or muscle structure (CSA, IMAT, and HDL). Swing leg showed no significant relationship between WTP and RTD, RoA or muscle structure of the hip abductor or adductor muscles. In conclusion, the present study showed that hip adductor torque-time capacity, as well as neuromuscular activation of the adductor magnus and tensor fascia latae of the stance leg during a maximal isometric test, is associated with the ability to transfer body weight before a step to the side occurs.One of the stumbling blocks to advance the field of glycobiology has been the difficulty in synthesis of bespoke carbohydrate-based molecules like glycopolymers (e.g. human milk oligosaccharides) and glycoconjugates (e.g. glycosylated monoclonal antibodies). Recent strides towards using engineered Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) like glycosyl transferases, transglycosidases, and glycosynthases for glycans synthesis has allowed production of diverse glycans. Here, we discuss enzymatic routes for glycans biosynthesis and recent advances in protein engineering strategies that enable improvement of CAZyme specificity and catalytic turnover. We focus on rational and directed evolution methods that have been developed to engineer CAZymes. Finally, we discuss how improved CAZymes have been used in recent years to remodel and synthesize glycans for biotherapeutics and biotechnology related applications.B cell differentiation driven by microbial antigens leads to production of anti-microbial antibodies, such as those neutralizing viruses, bacteria or bacterial toxin, that are class-switched (IgG and IgA) and somatically hypermutated (maturation of the antibody response) as well as secreted in large volume by plasma cells. Similar features characterize pathogenic antibodies to self-antigens in autoimmunity, reflecting the critical role of class switch DNA recombination (CSR), somatic hypermutation (SHM) and plasma cell differentiation in the generation of antibodies to not only foreign antigens but also self-antigens (autoantibodies). Central to CSR/SHM and plasma cell differentiation are AID, a potent DNA cytidine deaminase encoded by Aicda, and Blimp-1, a transcription factor encoded by Prdm1. B cell-intrinsic expression of Aicda and Prdm1 is regulated by epigenetic elements and processes, including DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs, particularly miRNAs. Here, we will discuss B cell-intrinsic epigenetic processes that regulate antibody and autoantibody responses; how epigenetic dysregulation alters CSR/SHM and plasma cell differentiation, thereby leading to autoantibody responses, as in systemic lupus; and, how these can be modulated by nutrients, metabolites, and hormones through changes in B cell-intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, which can provide therapeutic targets in autoimmunity.The immune system is capable of generating robust antibody responses to foreign antigens during infection and vaccination, while simultaneously limiting antibodies to self-antigens. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a subset of follicular T cell with specialized roles in regulating humoral immunity. Although Tfr cells have been studied for the past 10 years, their roles have remained elusive. In this review we discuss the current understanding of Tfr cell functions in autoimmunity and how Tfr cells simultaneously control foreign and autoantigen specific antibody responses. We highlight new tools that enable in-depth study of Tfr cells in vivo and recent data suggesting an important role for Tfr cells in limiting participation of autoreactive B cells in germinal centers.
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