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In metasurface lenses that can be attached to glass windows in outdoor-to-indoor scenarios, the lens gain of 25.4 dB is achieved for a static lens, and dynamic switching operation between single focus and dual focus is also successfully verified for a dynamic lens.For performance enhancement of functional diffuse optical tomography (fDOT), we propose a tandem method that takes advantage of the inversion filtering and the long short term memory (LSTM) classification to simultaneously suppress the physiological interferences and physical noises in fDOT. In the former phase, the absorption perturbation maps over the scalp-skull (SS) and cerebral-cortex (CC) layers are firstly pre-reconstructed using a two-layer topography scheme. Then, the recovered SS-map is inversed into measurement space by the forward calculation to estimate the intensity changes associated with the physiological interferences. Finally, the raw measurements are adaptively filtered with reference to the estimated intensity changes for accomplishing the model-based full three-dimension (3D) reconstruction. In the later phase, for further removing the randomly distributed physical noises, mainly instrumental noise, a LSTM network based fusion strategy is applied, where a pixel-wise binary mask of "activated" or "inactive" state is generated by performing LSTM classification and then fused with the 3D reconstruction. The results of the simulative investigation and in-vivo experiment show the proposed tandem scheme achieves improved performance in fDOT using a cost-effective and physically explicable way. Thus, the proposed method can be promisingly applied in real-time neuroimaging to acquire cortical neural activation information with improved reliability, quantification and resolution.Modelling the influence of age on the perception of brightness of visual stimuli is an important topic for indoor and outdoor lighting. As people get older, the transmittance of the ocular media becomes lower, especially in the blue wavelength region. This paper reports on an experimental study aiming to evaluate how the brightness perception of red and blue stimuli is affected by the age of the observer. A matching experiment has been set up in which both young (25 years old on average) and older (70 years old on average) adult observers had to match the brightness of a blue stimulus with the brightness of a red stimulus, both surrounded by a dark background (unrelated stimuli). A significant difference in brightness perception between the two groups of observers was found. In particular, older people report a decrease in brightness perception for the blue stimuli compared to younger people. The results show that the brightness correlate of the colour appearance model CAM18sl (applied with zero luminance background) adequately predicts the matching results of young observers, but failed to predict the results obtained by the older observers. As CAM18sl is built on cone fundamentals which include the transmittance of the ocular media and consider the age of the observer as an input parameter, the authors developed the idea to substitute the cone fundamentals for a young observer by the cone fundamentals for a 70 years old observer. This updated CAM18sl performed very well for the older observer as well, on condition that the transmittance of the ocular media is isolated and kept out of the normalization of the cone fundamentals.Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing non-orthogonal multiple access (OFDM-NOMA) is a promising multi-user access scheme in indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems. In this paper, we propose three novel joint subcarrier and power allocation algorithms in OFDM-NOMA-VLC to improve the throughputs and/or user fairness. These three proposed algorithms address the requirements in fairness-throughput-balanced (FTB), fairness-first (FF), and throughput-first (TF) scenarios, respectively. All of them improve the objective function in the previous joint allocation algorithm and ensure the fairness of users in terms of their overall throughput, rather than that in every subcarrier that is tight and redundant. The designs using the proposed algorithms also exhibit reduced peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs) and so the average signal power can be better used to further enhance the throughput when the system is limited by the signal peak power. Simulations verify that the proposed algorithms are superior to the previous joint subcarrier and power allocation algorithm as well as the conventional fixed power allocation (FPA) and gain ratio power allocation (GRPA) algorithms. The performance improvement of the proposed algorithms is particularly greater for a larger number of multiplexed users per subcarrier or a larger number of OFDM subcarriers, under which the PAPRs of designs using conventional algorithms are higher. When the total user number, the number of the multiplexed users per subcarrier, and the number of subcarriers are 5, 2, and 16, respectively, the throughputs of the three proposed algorithms are 62.17%, 53.35%, and 67.25% higher than the conventional joint allocation algorithm, while the user fairness is improved by 4.64%, 7.87%, and degraded by 20.71%, respectively. Therefore, the three proposed algorithms can address the requirements in FTB, FF, and TF scenarios, respectively.This paper shows a strategy to realize ultra-broadband absorption of multi-spectral coverage. A vertical cascaded plasmonic absorber constructed by multilayer helical metallic nanostructure wrapped in a pyramid-shaped dielectric jacket is presented and investigated by numerical simulations. By premeditated planning of the scale proportions of the spirals and the dimension size of the pyramid-shaped dielectric, more than 90% of absorption is realized in 189-3896 nm, an ultra-wide spectral range that basically covers the bands of near-ultraviolet, visible light, and near-infrared. The excitation mechanism of electromagnetic resonance and the formation process of light trapping are both included in the investigation through the analysis of electromagnetic field distribution. The localized surface plasmon mode in the metallic nano-spiral and the Fabry-Perot cavity mode with the gap plasmon resonance in the dielectric gap cooperatively make a significant contribution to reduce the reflection and form the ultra-broadband absorption. The simulation results show that the proposed absorber is basically insensitive to the incident angle and polarization angle, which basically keeps more than 90% absorption within the incident angle of ± 80 °. Such a specific implementation idea can also be applied to the terahertz region by modifying the geometrical size of the structure. This presented design implies new viability to develop the broadband photodetectors, solar cells, and thermal emitters.Polarization dependency is an intrinsic property of liquid crystals (LC) devices but major problem is optical efficiency. We demonstrated a polarization independent liquid crystal phase modulation based on the orthogonal nematic LC (OLC) mode wherein the optics axes of nematic liquid crystal molecules are set orthogonally to adjacent sub-domains for the first time. Oseltamivir nmr Such an OLC mode includes sub-domain with anisotropic orientations but collectively presents a capability of a polarizer-free optical phase modulation. An OLC mode cell provides a tunable optical phase of ∼3.35π radians for unpolarized light and different linearly polarized light. Among the polarizer-free LC mode, the proposed OLC mode is single-layered with large tunable optical phase. We also demonstrated a polarizer-free LC micro-lens. We expect this novel LC mode provide alternatives technology roadmap for upcoming optical applications, such as electrically tunable ophthalmic lenses and optical systems for augmented reality.This paper investigates the performance of an all-dielectric planar Mikaelian lens based on ray transfer matrices and full-wave analysis for 1-D beam-steering application. This new lens concept has its intrinsic flat shape characteristic allowing for a simple low-cost planar feed technology. To verify the design concept, a lens prototype excited by five rectangular microstrip patch antennas with perforated structure (21×24 holes) is fabricated using stereolithography (SLA) 3-D printing. The simulated and measured results of the proposed lens prototype, operating at 10 GHz, shows that the switched-beam coverage over a certain range of beam-steering angles can be obtained. The intrinsic phase error of lens resulting from comatic aberration exhibits obvious increase as the off-axis angle of beam increases, which leads to further deterioration of the corresponding radiated beam. The beam-steering capabilities from -20° to +20° with around 13.2 dBi of realized gain and side-lobe level (less than -11.5dB), and up to potential steering angles (±30°) with around 10 dBi of realized gain can be steadily achieved. Moreover, the realized gain, efficiency and side-lobe level can be further improved to get better radiation performances by using other materials with lower loss tangent. Due to its intrinsic flat shape characteristic, this lens concept could be a potential alternative to develop a low-cost, low-profile and easy-to-fabricate beam-switching array antenna for microwave communication applications.Parameters mismatching between the real optical system and phase retrieval model undermines wavefront reconstruction accuracy. The three-dimensional intensity position is corrected in phase retrieval, which is traditionally separated from lateral position correction and axial position correction. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional intensity position correction method for phase diverse phase retrieval with the cross-iteration nonlinear optimization strategy. The intensity position is optimized via the coarse optimization method at first, then the intensity position is cross-optimized in the iterative wavefront reconstruction process with the exact optimization method. The analytic gradients about the three-dimensional intensity position are derived. The cross-iteration optimization strategy avoids the interference between the incomplete position correction and wavefront reconstruction during the iterative process. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed method are verified both numerically and experimentally. The proposed method achieves robust and accurate intensity position correction and wavefront reconstruction, which is available for wavefront measurement and phase imaging.We theoretically demonstrate quantum interference in an anti-parity-time (anti-PT) symmetric system based on coupled waveguides. We calculate the coincidence probability in an input polarization-entangled two-photon state, which can be used to simulate different statistical particles. When the birefringence of the waveguides is negligible, our results indicate that the coincidence probabilities of the bosons and fermions decrease exponentially with the propagation distance in both the unbroken and broken anti-PT symmetry regions owing to the dissipation. Particularly, loss-induced transparency is observed for the bosons. Simultaneously, the statistical rule valid in the Hermitian system is violated and the antibunching of bosons is observed. When the birefringence of the waveguides is considered, the coincidence probability of the bosons and fermions is equalized at the exceptional point (EP), whereas that of the bosons is less(greater) than that of the fermions in the broken(unbroken) anti-PT symmetry region.
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