Notes

The opportunity for parasite spill-back coming from commercial bumblebee cities: an abandoned danger to be able to wild bees?
The high soft tissue contrast and tissue characterization properties of magnetic resonance imaging allow further characterization of indeterminate mediastinal lesions on chest radiography and computed tomography, increasing diagnostic specificity, preventing unnecessary intervention, and guiding intervention or surgery when needed. The combination of its higher soft tissue contrast and ability to image dynamically during free breathing, without ionizing radiation exposure, allows more thorough and readily appreciable assessment of a lesion's invasiveness and assessment of phrenic nerve involvement, with significant implications for prognostic clinical staging and surgical management.A wide variety of abnormalities may be encountered in the paravertebral mediastinum, ranging from congenital lesions to malignant neoplasms. A combination of localizing mediastinal masses to the paravertebral compartment, characterizing them with cross-sectional imaging techniques, and correlating the imaging findings with demographics and other clinical history typically enables the development of a focused differential diagnosis. Radiologists must be familiar with these concepts in order to help guide subsequent imaging and/or intervention and, when appropriate, treatment planning for neoplasms and other abnormalities.Cardiac neoplasms are a diagnostic challenge on many levels. They are rare, their clinical presentation may mimic other much more common cardiac diseases, and they are at an uncommon intersection of oncologic and cardiac imaging. The pathology of primary cardiac neoplasms explains their varied imaging features, for example, calcification in primary cardiac osteosarcomas and T2 hyperintensity in myxomas. Integrating the imaging and pathologic features of cardiac tumors furthers our understanding of the spectrum of appearances of these neoplasms and improves the clinical imager's ability to confidently make a diagnosis.Esophageal cancer is an uncommon malignancy that ranks sixth in terms of mortality worldwide. Squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant histologic subtype worldwide whereas adenocarcinoma represents the majority of cases in North America, Australia, and Europe. Esophageal cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union for Cancer Control TNM system and has separate classifications for the clinical, pathologic, and postneoadjuvant pathologic stage groups. The determination of clinical TNM is based on complementary imaging modalities, including esophagogastroduodenoscopy/endoscopic ultrasound; endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle aspiration; computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; and fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography.The epidemiology and clinical management of esophageal carcinomas are changing, and clinical imagers are required to understand both the imaging appearances of common cancers and the pathologic diagnoses that drive management. Rare esophageal malignancies and benign esophageal neoplasms have distinct imaging features that may suggest a diagnosis and guide the next steps clinically. Furthermore, these imaging features have a basis in pathology, and this article focuses on the relationship between pathologic features and imaging manifestations that will help an informed imager maintain clinical relevance.The visceral mediastinum contains important vascular and non-vascular structures including the heart, great vessels, lymph nodes, and portions of the esophagus and trachea. Multiple imaging modalities, including chest radiography, computed tomography, MR imaging, and nuclear medicine studies, can be used to detect, diagnose, and characterize masses in this compartment. Lymphadenopathy is the most common process involving the visceral mediastinum and can be seen with a wide variety of diseases. Ellman’s Reag Less commonly seen entities include foregut duplication cysts, neoplasms and other lesions arising from the trachea and esophagus, paragangliomas as well as other mesenchymal tumors.Thymic epithelial neoplasms are a group of malignant tumors that includes thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumors. Although several staging systems have been developed over the years for use with these cancers, they have been interpreted and implemented in a nonuniform manner. Recently, the International Association for the study of Lung Cancer and the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group developed a tumor-node-metastasis staging system that has been universally accepted and correlates with patient survival and outcomes. link2 Although pathologic staging is determined by histologic examination of the resected tumor, imaging plays an important role in clinical staging and is important for informing therapeutic decisions.Thymic epithelial neoplasms, as classified by the World Health Organization, include thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic carcinoid. They are a rare group of tumors and are often diagnosed incidentally in the work-up of parathymic syndrome, such as myasthenia gravis, or when mass effect or local invasion causes other symptoms. In each of these scenarios, understanding the radiologic-pathologic relationship of these tumors allows clinical imagers to contribute meaningfully to management decisions and overall patient care. Integrating important imaging features, such as local invasion, and pathologic features, such as necrosis and immunohistochemistry, ensures a meaningful contribution by clinical imagers to the care team.Prevascular mediastinal masses include a wide range of benign and malignant entities. Localization of mediastinal masses to specific compartments together with characteristic imaging findings and demographic and clinical information allows formulation of a focused differential diagnosis. Radiologists may use these methods to distinguish between surgical and nonsurgical cases and thus inform patient management and have an impact on outcomes. Treatment of choice varies based on the pathology, ranging from no intervention or serial imaging follow-up to surgical excision, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.Numerous systems have been created to divide the mediastinum into specific compartments for the purposes of generating a focused differential diagnosis for masses and other abnormalities identified on imaging, planning for biopsies and surgical interventions, and facilitating communication between health care professionals in a multidisciplinary setting. Most have focused on imaging and are based on arbitrary landmarks delineated on the lateral chest radiograph. The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group has developed a classification system based on cross-sectional imaging, defining specific prevascular, visceral, and paravertebral compartments, that has been accepted as a new standard and is the topic of this review.
Malnutrition is a well-recognized risk factor for poor prognosis and mortality. We investigated whether preoperative malnutrition diagnosed with objective nutritional scores affects 1-year mortality in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery.

In this retrospective cohort observational study, we evaluated the association among the Controlling Nutritional Status score, Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index with 1-year mortality in 1927 patients undergoing valvular heart surgery. We identified factors for mortality using multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis and investigated the utility of nutritional scores for risk stratification.

Malnutrition, as identified by a high Controlling Nutritional Status score and low Prognostic Nutritional Index and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, was significantly associated with higher 1-year mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that mortality significantly increased as the severity of malnutrition increased (log-rank testcores was associated with 1-year mortality after valvular heart surgery. The Controlling Nutritional Status score had the highest predictive ability and, when added to the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II, provided more accurate risk stratification.
Preoperative malnutrition as assessed by objective nutritional scores was associated with 1-year mortality after valvular heart surgery. The Controlling Nutritional Status score had the highest predictive ability and, when added to the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II, provided more accurate risk stratification.
Liver resection is recommended for T2 gallbladder cancer, but the optimal hepatectomy strategy remains controversial. We aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of segment IVb and V resection versus wedge resection in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer.

This is a retrospective multicenter propensity score-matched study in China. Overall survival, disease-free survival, perioperative complications, and hospital length of stay were used to evaluate safety and effectiveness.

There are a total of 512 patients. 112 of 117 patients undergoing segment IVb and V resection were matched to 112 patients undergoing wedge resection. After matching, segment IVb and V resection demonstrated no statistical difference in overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.970 [0.639-1.474]; P= .886), but significance in disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.708 [0.506-0.991]; P= .040). Patients with incidental gallbladder cancer (hazard ratio, 0.390 [0.180-0.846]; P= .019), stage T2b (hazard ratio, 0.515 [0.302-0.878]; P= .016), aoperative complications and longer hospital length of stay after segment IVb and V resection indicated that surgeons must rely on their own surgical skills and the patient profile to decide the optimal hepatectomy strategy.
T2 gallbladder cancer patients undergoing segment IVb and V resection rather than wedge resection have an improved disease-free survival, especially for incidental gallbladder cancer or hepatic-sided (T2b) gallbladder cancer. However, high rates of perioperative complications and longer hospital length of stay after segment IVb and V resection indicated that surgeons must rely on their own surgical skills and the patient profile to decide the optimal hepatectomy strategy.
While the BRAF V600E mutation occurs in 5%-15% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), BRAF non-V600E mutations were recently reported to range from 1.6% to 5.1%. We have previously reported that BRAF non-V600E mutations could have a negative impact on efficacy outcomes as well as BRAF V600E mutation for antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody treatment for pretreated patients with mCRC. Recently, simultaneous inhibitions of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), BRAF and EGFR exhibited relevant antitumour activities in patients with BRAF V600E mutant and also in BRAF non-V600E mutant but only in the preclinical model.

The BIG BANG (study is a multicentre, phase II study to assess the efficacy, safety and proof of concept of the combinations of binimetinib+encorafenib+cetuximab in patients with BRAF non-V600E mutated mCRC, identified by either tumour tissue (tumour tissue group) or blood samples (liquid biopsy group). link3 Key eligibility criteria include Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status of ≤1, mCRC with BRAF non-V600E mutant and RAS wild type, refractory or intolerant to at least one fluoropyrimidine-based regimen and no prior history of regorafenib, and no prior history of anti-EGFR antibody treatment (primary analysis cohort and liquid biopsy cohort) or refractory to prior anti-EGFR antibody treatment in patients with class 3 BRAF mutations (anti-EGFR antibody refractory class three cohort). Enrolled patients receive binimetinib (45 mg, two times per day), encorafenib (300 mg, once a day) and cetuximab (initially 400 mg/m
and subsequently 250 mg/m
, once per week). The primary endpoint is the confirmed objective response rate in the primary analysis cohort.

UMIN000031857 and 000031860.
UMIN000031857 and 000031860.
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