Notes

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Propagation of a broad beam of light in a two-dimensional absorbing medium with large (compared to the light wavelength) inhomogeneities is considered. Within the small-angle approximation, an exact analytical solution to the radiative transfer equation is found for a phase function that decreases exponentially with the single-scattering angle. Attenuation of the total flux and evolution of the angular distribution of light are analyzed in detail. An accuracy of the small-angle diffusion approximation is estimated.The problem of reconstructing multiple objects from the average of their diffracted intensities is investigated. Reconstruction feasibility (uniqueness) depends on the number of objects, their support shapes and dimensionality, and an appropriately calculated constraint ratio. For objects with sufficiently different supports, and a favorable constraint ratio, the reconstruction problem has a unique solution. For objects with identical supports, there can be multiple solutions, even with a favorable constraint ratio. However, positivity of the objects and noncentrosymmetry of the support reduce the number of multiple solutions, and a unique solution may exist with a favorable constraint ratio. An iterative projection based algorithm to reconstruct the individual objects is described. The efficacy of the reconstruction algorithm and the uniqueness results are demonstrated by simulation.We investigate the early stage of propagation of Bessel-Gauss vortex beams where a transition regime shows a progressive lateral expansion of the main intensity ring before reaching a diffraction-free regime. The eikonal equation is used to characterize the beam structure. The beam is featured by a family of hyperboloids with variable waists, generating a tapered tubular caustic. Our analytical results are in excellent agreement with numerical and experimental results. We show the transition regime can be well eliminated by using hollow input beams.Partial Mueller matrix polarimeters (pMMPs) are active sensing instruments that probe a scattering process with a set of polarization states and analyze the scattered light with a second set of polarization states. Unlike conventional Mueller matrix polarimeters, pMMPs do not attempt to reconstruct the entire Mueller matrix. With proper choice of generator and analyzer states, a subset of the Mueller matrix space can be reconstructed with fewer measurements than that of the full Mueller matrix polarimeter. In this paper we consider the structure of the Mueller matrix and our ability to probe it using a reduced number of measurements. We develop analysis tools that allow us to relate the particular choice of generator and analyzer polarization states to the portion of Mueller matrix space that the instrument measures, as well as develop an optimization method that is based on balancing the signal-to-noise ratio of the resulting instrument with the ability of that instrument to accurately measure a particular set of desired polarization components with as few measurements as possible. In the process, we identify 10 classes of pMMP systems, for which the space coverage is immediately known. We demonstrate the theory with a numerical example that designs partial polarimeters for the task of monitoring the damage state of a material as presented earlier by Hoover and Tyo [Appl. Opt.46, 8364 (2007)10.1364/AO.46.008364APOPAI1559-128X]. We show that we can reduce the polarimeter to making eight measurements while still covering the Mueller matrix subspace spanned by the objects.Shannon information (SI) and the ideal-observer receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve are two different methods for analyzing the performance of an imaging system for a binary classification task, such as the detection of a variable signal embedded within a random background. In this work we describe a new ROC curve, the Shannon information receiver operator curve (SIROC), that is derived from the SI expression for a binary classification task. We then show that the ideal-observer ROC curve and the SIROC have many properties in common, and are equivalent descriptions of the optimal performance of an observer on the task. This equivalence is described mathematically by an integral transform that maps the ideal-observer ROC curve onto the SIROC. This then leads to an integral transform relating the minimum probability of error, as a function of the odds against a signal, to the conditional entropy, as a function of the same variable. This last relation then gives us the complete mathematical equivalence between ideal-observer ROC analysis and SI analysis of the classification task for a given imaging system. We also find that there is a close relationship between the area under the ideal-observer ROC curve, which is often used as a figure of merit for imaging systems and the area under the SIROC. Finally, we show that the relationships between the two curves result in new inequalities relating SI to ROC quantities for the ideal observer.In this paper a set of radial and azimuthal phase functions are reviewed that have a null Strehl ratio, which is equivalent to generating a central extinction in the image plane of an optical system. The study is conducted in the framework of Fraunhofer scalar diffraction, and is oriented toward practical cases where optical nulls or singularities are produced by deformable mirrors or phase plates. The identified solutions reveal unexpected links with the zeros of type-J Bessel functions of integer order. They include linear azimuthal phase ramps giving birth to an optical vortex, azimuthally modulated phase functions, and circular phase gratings (CPGs). It is found in particular that the CPG radiometric efficiency could be significantly improved by the null Strehl ratio condition. Simple design rules for rescaling and combining the different phase functions are also defined. Finally, the described analytical solutions could also serve as starting points for an automated searching software tool.This study deals with the time domain (TD) diffraction phenomenon related to a penetrable acute-angled dielectric wedge. MLN7243 cost The transient diffracted field originated by an arbitrary function plane wave is evaluated via a convolution integral involving the TD diffraction coefficients, which are determined here in closed form, starting from the knowledge of the frequency domain counterparts. In particular, the inverse Laplace transform is applied to the uniform Asymptotic physical optics diffraction coefficients valid for the internal region of the wedge and the surrounding space. Diffraction by penetrable wedges in the TD framework is a challenging problem from the analytical point of view, and no other expressions are available in closed form for the diffraction coefficients associated with the considered problem.Enhancing the colorfulness of illuminated objects is a promising application of LED lighting for commercial, exhibiting, and scientific purposes. This paper proposes a method to enhance the color of illuminated objects for a given polychromatic lamp. Meanwhile, the light color is restricted to white. We further relax the white light constraints by introducing soft margins. Based on the spectral and electrical characteristics of LEDs and object surface properties, we determine the optimal mixing of the LED light spectrum by solving a numerical optimization problem, which is a quadratic fractional programming problem by formulation. Simulation studies show that the trade-off between the white light constraint and the level of the color enhancement can be adjusted by tuning an upper limit value of the soft margin. Furthermore, visual evaluation experiments are performed to evaluate human perception of the color enhancement. The experiments have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.By generalizing the phase structure of the random-phase grating we recently designed [Opt. Express21, 14056 (2013)OPEXFF1094-408710.1364/OE.21.014056], we show that non-HBT type (synchronous position) two-photon grating interference can be obtained, which physically relies on groups of multiple indistinguishable two-photon paths modulated by the spatial distributions of phase modes. By properly selecting the random-phase structures, synchronous position subwavelength interference can be obtained, the period of which, in the two-photon interference domain, is decreased by a factor N (=3,4,5,6,…), depending on the slit number and random-phase structure, and the visibility of N-fold subwavelength interference fringes could be improved by increasing the slit number of the grating. The results show that modulation on two-photon paths via spatial arrangements of the phase modes offers the possibility to actively control the optical high-order coherence in the same optical scheme.A scheme of high-resolution interference with classical incoherent light is proposed. In this scheme, the classical incoherent light is programmable in the amplitude distribution and wavefront, and with the programmable classical incoherent light we improve the resolution of the interference pattern by a factor of 2 compared with the scheme by Erkmen [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A29, 782 (2012)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.29.000782]. Compared with other schemes for observing interference patterns, only single-pixel detection is needed in our proposal. Moreover, the high-resolution interference pattern can be inverted to obtain an image with better resolution compared with that of the scheme proposed by Erkmen. Furthermore, this scheme of high-resolution interference is verified in detail by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.Recent calculations [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A31, 1963 (2014)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.31.001963] of the scintillation index of focused beams did not take into account the second order of the perturbation theory, and therefore led the author to erroneous conclusions regarding dependence of the scintillation index for the focused beams on the aperture size. The log-normal intensity probability distribution used for the Bit Error Rate calculations in [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A31, 1963 (2014)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.31.001963] is also invalid for the wide focused beams. As a result, most of the conclusions of [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A31, 1963 (2014)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.31.001963] are incorrect.We consider a computational method for the interior transmission eigenvalue problem that arises in acoustic and electromagnetic scattering. The transmission eigenvalues contain useful information about some physical properties, such as the index of refraction. Instead of the existence and estimation of the spectral property of the transmission eigenvalues, we focus on the numerical calculation, especially for spherically stratified media in R. Due to the nonlinearity and the special structure of the interior transmission eigenvalue problem, there are not many numerical methods to date. First, we reduce the problem into a second-order ordinary differential equation. Then, we apply the Hermite finite element to the weak formulation of the equation. With proper rewriting of the matrix-vector form, we change the original nonlinear eigenvalue problem into a quadratic eigenvalue problem, which can be written as a linear system and solved by the eigs function in MATLAB. This numerical method is fast, effective, and can calculate as many transmission eigenvalues as needed at a time.
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