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Cardiometabolic Connection between Irisin within Patients using End-Stage Kidney Illness on Regular Hemo- as well as Peritoneal Dialysis.
Ageism is the most prevalent form of prejudice and is experienced by both older and younger people. Little is known about whether these experiences are interdependent or have common origins. We analyze data from 8,117 older (aged 70 and over) and 11,647 younger respondents (15-29 years) in representative samples from 29 countries in the European Social Survey. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, we test the hypothesis that older people are less likely, and younger people more likely, to suffer age discrimination if they live in a country with stronger structural support for older people. We also test the hypothesis that although stronger social norm against age discrimination reduce age discrimination suffered by older people it does not inhibit discrimination against younger people. These hypotheses are supported, and the results underline the neglected problem of ageism toward youth. Findings highlight that strategies for reducing age prejudice must address ageism as a multigenerational challenge, requiring attention to intergenerational cohesion and resource distribution between ages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Based on 4 annual waves of data from a large sample of Chinese college students (N = 2,329, Mage = 18.40 years old, SD = .85; 63.10% females), this study examines the within-person and between-person effects in the association between problematic Internet use (PIU) and mental health issues. Results of analyses using the developmental equilibrium model (i.e., an autoregressive, cross-lagged panel model) demonstrate a reciprocal positive association between PIU and mental health issues consistently across waves. In contrast, results of analyses utilizing the random intercept, cross-lagged panel model (i.e., a model that can disaggregate within-person and between-person effects) indicate a unidirectional positive within-person effect from PIU to mental health issues (rather than the reverse) consistently over time, while controlling for the between-person effects that exist when comparing different individuals. Such findings highlight the importance of disaggregating within-person and between-person effects in understanding the nature of the temporal dynamics of the association between PIU and mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Prior nonexperimental studies have been used to conclude that children's reading and mathematics achievement bidirectionally influence each other over time, with strong paths from (a) early reading to later mathematics and (b) early mathematics to later reading. In the most influential study on the topic, the early math-to-later-reading path was reported to be stronger than the early reading-to-later-math path (Duncan et al., 2007). Yet prior estimates may be confounded by stable environmental and personal factors influencing both reading and mathematics achievement. We reexamined the bidirectional relations between reading and mathematics achievement using both traditional models and extensions intended to account for unmeasured confounding. Results based on a large nationally representative sample of children from kindergarten to 3rd grade (N = 9,612) indicated that the estimated effects between reading and mathematics achievement differ substantially after accounting for the confounding effects of stable unmeasured factors. In these models, autoregressive and cross-lagged paths were substantially reduced. The finding that early mathematics predicts later reading more strongly than early reading predicts later math disappears and sometimes reverses, suggesting that larger paths from math to reading than from reading to math in previous related analyses are not causally informative. Stability in early mathematics and reading achievement resulted from substantially overlapping time invariant factors that correlate above .90. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).In this article, we develop a computational model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We propose that OCD is characterized by a difficulty in relying on past events to predict the consequences of patients' own actions and the unfolding of possible events. Clinically, this corresponds both to patients' difficulty in trusting their own actions (and therefore repeating them), and to their common preoccupation with unlikely chains of events. Critically, we develop this idea on the basis of the well-developed framework of the Bayesian brain, where this impairment is formalized as excessive uncertainty regarding state transitions. We illustrate the validity of this idea using quantitative simulations and use these to form specific empirical predictions. These predictions are evaluated in relation to existing evidence, and are used to delineate directions for future research. We show how seemingly unrelated findings and phenomena in OCD can be explained by the model, including a persistent experience that actions were not adequately performed and a tendency to repeat actions; excessive information gathering (i.e., checking); indecisiveness and pathological doubt; overreliance on habits at the expense of goal-directed behavior; and overresponsiveness to sensory stimuli, thoughts, and feedback. We discuss the relationship and interaction between our model and other prominent models of OCD, including models focusing on harm-avoidance, not-just-right experiences, or impairments in goal-directed behavior. Finally, we outline potential clinical implications and suggest lines for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Human adults often envisage future events and prepare items or information in advance. Studies have shown that young children can also prepare items for upcoming events, but little is known about their ability to prepare information for such events. Here, we used nonverbal measures, which are widely used in comparative cognitive research, to ask whether children seek information for their future knowledge states or events. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds had to find a sticker located under an opaque or transparent cup. CHR2797 The children could observe by peeking while an experimenter placed the sticker for the trial. We found that 5-year-olds peeked for longer in the opaque than the transparent condition but 4-year-olds did not. In Experiment 2, 5- and 6-year-olds had to find stickers in 2 rooms; in 1 room, an actor hid a sticker under 1 of 5 opaque cups, whereas in the other room, another actor placed a sticker under 1 of 5 transparent cups. Children could observe what the actors were doing via a monitor and then choose a room in which to search. Children of both age-groups watched events in the opaque-cup room longer than the transparent-cup room in the first trial. These results suggest that at least 5-year-olds can collect appropriate information for a future task. Our procedure should be easily adaptable for a range of nonhuman species. Studies using this procedure might reveal the phylogenetic distribution of this metacognitive ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).A growing literature supports the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapies, motivational interventions, and personalized feedback to treat problem and disordered gambling. However, there is currently debate as to how much treatment is necessary. Some studies indicate that attending a greater number of sessions is related to enhanced therapeutic outcomes, while other studies indicate that one session produces equivalent therapeutic outcomes to multiple sessions. To contribute to this debate, meta-analysis was used to examine the relation between dose and outcome in studies of cognitive-behavioral, motivational, and personalized feedback interventions (both individual and group treatment formats were included). Fourteen studies of randomized controlled trials representing 1,203 participants across 19 treatment-control comparisons were identified. The intended treatment dose (i.e., the number of sessions prescribed to participants) across the 14 studies ranged from 1 to 30 sessions. Of the 10 studies reporting the received treatment dose (i.e., the number of sessions that participants attended), the weighted mean dose was 6.8 sessions (SD = 2.7). Both intended treatment dose and received treatment dose were positively related to outcome at posttreatment-as the number of sessions increased, so too did the magnitude of the between group effect size. There were an insufficient number of studies reporting outcome at long-term follow up to evaluate the relation between intended dose, received dose, and outcome. Discussion centers on several areas for future research on psychological treatments for problem and disordered gambling. Specific recommendations are made for researchers and practicing clinicians. link2 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder commonly co-occur. Little is known about how symptoms of one affect subsequent week symptoms of the other during the course of integrated treatment for both disorders. The sample included 107 veterans who were randomized to receive either Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorder Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE; an exposure-based trauma focused treatment) or Seeking Safety (SS; a present-focused coping skills-based treatment) and completed measures of PTSD and alcohol use at every other session. Multilevel models estimated the prospective associations between PTSD and alcohol use during treatment. Results indicated that greater PTSD symptom severity was associated with greater future alcohol use (b = 0.20, p = .024), and greater alcohol use was associated with greater future PTSD symptom severity (b = 0.13, p = .003). The effect size for PTSD symptoms to future alcohol use was larger than the reciprocal relationship. When using lagged PTSD severity to predict future drinking, results revealed that clinically significant differences in PTSD severity levels were associated with comparably large differences in drinking. Treatment condition did not moderate the effect of PTSD symptom severity on alcohol use (or the reciprocal relationship). link3 Findings lend support to the mutual maintenance model of addiction. Integrated treatments that treat both PTSD and alcohol use may be preferential to sequential model of care where individuals are expected to achieve abstinence or reduced use prior to receiving trauma-focused treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Previous studies suggest that cholesterol metabolic dysregulation, characterized by abnormally low or high serum total cholesterol (TC) values, constitutes a risk for pronounced cognitive decline in old age. We tested this prediction using a population-based representative Swedish sample (N = 382), born in 1901-1902, and subsequently assessed on TC and 3 cognitive outcomes (verbal ability, spatial ability, and perceptual-motor-speed) at ages 70, 75, 79, 85, 88, and 90. None of the participants were on lipid-lowering medication, as prescription availability for these medications were not initiated in Sweden until the mid-1990s. We used a 3-level hierarchical model, with cognitive tests nested within time, nested within individuals. Estimates from this model revealed a nonlinear between-person association between TC and cognition, indicating that low, and to some degree high, TC values were associated with poorer cognition. This association was stronger among nondementia-cases (n = 255). Among subsequent dementia cases (n = 127), the data suggested a linear trend, indicating that lower TC values were associated with poorer cognition.
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