Notes

Cytokine-based Cancers Immunotherapy: Challenges as well as Options with regard to IL-10.
05) from each other. Two percent chitosan-incorporated groups showed superior zone of inhibition compared to sealers used alone. NPD4928 Group IC (16.35 ± 0.71 mm) had the highest zone of inhibition followed by Group I (13.8 ± 0.86 mm). For the remaining groups, the zone of inhibition was in the following order Group IIC > Group II > Group IIIC > Group III.

AH Plus sealer mixed with 2% chitosan showed significantly higher antifungal property. Mixing of 2% chitosan with endodontic sealer provides an added advantage so that endodontic re-infections can be minimized and will be helpful in retreatment cases.
AH Plus sealer mixed with 2% chitosan showed significantly higher antifungal property. Mixing of 2% chitosan with endodontic sealer provides an added advantage so that endodontic re-infections can be minimized and will be helpful in retreatment cases.
This study aims to evaluate the amount of apical extrusion of bacteria during root canal instrumentation using K3XF, Protaper Gold, Edge taper platinum, and Hyflex CM Rotary systems.

Sixty freshly extracted maxillary incisors teeth collected in saline. Access cavity prepared and canals were made free of bacterial and pulp. The teeth were mounted on the bacteria collecting apparatus. Root canals were contaminated with the Fusobacterium Nucleatum (ATCC25586) and dried at 37°C for 24 h. In Group 1 (Control group) No instrumentation was done and biomechanical preparation done in all other groups with Group 2 Hand K-files, Group 3 Protaper gold, Group 4 K3XF, Group 5 Edge taper platinum, and Group 6 Hyflex CM rotary file systems. Then, the extrude was collected, and it is incubated in Mueller-Hinton agar for 24 h and the number of colony forming units were counted and statistical comparison was done using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test.

Hand K-files extruded more bacteria when compared to other four rotary systems, K3XF file system extruded least number of bacteria.

All instrumentation techniques extruded intracanal bacteria apically. However, engine-driven nickel-titanium instruments extruded less bacteria than the manual technique. The K3XF rotary file system comparatively extruded less bacteria than other rotary file systems.
All instrumentation techniques extruded intracanal bacteria apically. However, engine-driven nickel-titanium instruments extruded less bacteria than the manual technique. The K3XF rotary file system comparatively extruded less bacteria than other rotary file systems.
The aim of the study to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of FlexiCON (Edge Endo) files in rotary versus reciprocating motion in coronal, middle, and apical curvature of the simulated artificial canal.

A total number of 36 new files, 25 mm length of ISO size 25 at the tip and a taper of 0.06, were used for the study and divided into two groups of 18 files each. Group I FlexiCON X
, was used in a rotary motion and Group II FlexiCON X
was used in a reciprocating motion. Cyclic fatigue testing was conducted in a custom-made device that allowed for a reproducible simulation of a curved canal. The canal system, which comprised two adjustable stainless steel blocks, had a 60° angle of curvature and 3 mm width. The groups were further divided into three subgroups with six files in each, representing apical curvature (Group Ia/IIa), middle curvature (Group Ib/IIb), and Coronal curvature (Group Ic/IIc). Using X-Smart plus motor, files were used in rotary and reciprocating mode and the number of cycles to failure was recorded.

Data were analyzed using ANOVA and
followed by Dunnett's test and unpaired
-test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 16 version.

FlexiCON X1 reciprocating files showed the maximum cyclic fatigue resistance at coronal curvature (1936.50 ± 1.09) followed by middle (1514.50 ± 1.07) and apical curvature (1487.50 ± 6.75), while FlexiCON X3 rotary files showed the maximum cyclic fatigue at the middle curvature (1106.00 ± 4.21), followed by coronal (920.00 ± 1.16) and apical curvature (757.00 ± 5.34). The statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (
= 0.001) between the two groups.

FlexiCON X1 reciprocating files showed better cyclic fatigue resistance at coronal, middle, and apical curvature compared to FlexiCON X3 rotary files.
FlexiCON X1 reciprocating files showed better cyclic fatigue resistance at coronal, middle, and apical curvature compared to FlexiCON X3 rotary files.
Bioactive glass (BAG) remineralization is a promising method for dental hard tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microhardness of incipient enamel-like lesions with or without preconditioning by air abrasion using polyacrylic acid (PAA)-BAG before application of NovaMin remineralizing agent.

Forty extracted human molars were selected, sectioned mesiodistally obtaining buccal and lingual halves, and embedded in resin molds. Specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (
= 10) according to the remineralization protocol G1 (control, artificial saliva), G2 (preconditioning), G3 (NovaMin), and G4 (preconditioning and NovaMin). Enamel windows 4 mm × 4 mm were done on the buccal and lingual surfaces. Specimens were immersed in a daily renewed demineralizing solution to create white spot lesions. Remineralizing agents were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions, and specimens were stored in a daily renewed artificial saliva. Microhardness was assessed using Vickers haion of demineralization and caries occurrence.
Enamel remineralization with NovaMin after conditioning by bioactive glass air abrasion, provides the patients with a fast and durable treatment of incipient enamel lesions, which would reduce the possibility of future progression of demineralization and caries occurrence.
This study aimed to assess and compare the fluoride release and recharge capacity of CentionN, Zirconomer and Gc Gold Label 9 Extra.

Disk-shaped specimens (
= 12) of CentionN, Zirconomer and Gc Gold Label 9 Extra were prepared according to manufacturer's instructions. After setting, each specimen was dipped in a plastic tube containing 5ml deionized water and incubated at 37°C ± 2°C. Every 24 h, the samples were placed in fresh 5 ml deionized water. Mean fluoride release (in ppm) from each material, on day 1 and day 6 was calculated using a spectrophotometer. On day 6, the specimens were recharged with 0.2% neutral NaF solution for 2 min and the fluoride release on day 7 was determined.

Cention N released significantly greater amount of fluoride on day 1 and day 6, than zirconomer and Gc Gold Label 9 Extra (
< 0.001). Cention N showed a better recharge capacity than zirconomer and Gc Gold Label 9 Extra (
< 0.001).

Cention N with a higher fluoride release and recharge capacity can be used as a posterior restorative material in patients with high caries risk, thereby inhibiting secondary caries.
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