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Acromegaly is a disease characterized by overproduction of growth hormone (GH). As a consequence of excessive GH secretion, circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is elevated in active (untreated) acromegaly. IGF-I is often used as a marker of disease activity and growth hormone status in acromegaly. Although IGF-I can directly improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscles, the excessive GH secretion in active acromegaly frequently leads to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and even diabetes. In this review evidence will be discussed that in active acromegaly chronically elevated IGF-I, insulin and soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) levels play a pathophysiological role in the development of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) resistance. It is postulated that as soon as circulating IGF-I, insulin and S-Klotho rise above a certain level the IGF-IR becomes relatively resistant to actions of IGF-I. The development of a degree of IGF-IR resistance for metabolic actions may help to explain why in active acromegaly diabetogenic effects of GH predominate and are not completely counteracted and neutralized by elevated circulating levels of IGF-I. Further studies are necessary in order to support this hypothesis. Registration is a core component of many imaging pipelines. In case of clinical scans, with lower resolution and sometimes substantial motion artifacts, registration can produce poor results. Visual assessment of registration quality in large clinical datasets is inefficient. In this work, we propose to automatically assess the quality of registration to an atlas in clinical FLAIR MRI scans of the brain. The method consists of automatically segmenting the ventricles of a given scan using a neural network, and comparing the segmentation to the atlas ventricles propagated to image space. We used the proposed method to improve clinical image registration to a general atlas by computing multiple registrations - one directly to the general atlas and others via different age-specific atlases - and then selecting the registration that yielded the highest ventricle overlap. Finally, as an example application of the complete pipeline, a voxelwise map of white matter hyperintensity burden was computed using only the sc neuroimaging pipelines to the clinic. Many vaccines are administered to young children in order to prevent infectious diseases early in life. At the same time, most of these vaccines are not developed specifically with the immune system of young children in mind and our understanding of how newborn immune systems differ from adult counterparts is incomplete. The main reason for this lack of understanding stems from the ethical and logistical difficulties in obtaining samples from young children as well as the challenges associated with the small volume samples available. Here I review some recent developments made in this field and discuss their implications for studying vaccine responses in young children and developing better vaccines, tailored to this important population of susceptible individuals in the future. Introduction of antibiotics into clinical use has contributed to some of the greatest improvements to public health in the 20th century. Most antibiotics are based on antimicrobials that were isolated from environmental microorganisms over 50 years ago, but emerging resistance requires discovery of new molecules and development of these molecules into therapeutics. Bioinformatic analyses of microbial genomes indicate that many more microbial bioactive molecules remain undiscovered. Understanding when, where, and why these molecules are produced informs efforts to tap into the hidden unexplored chemical diversity. Expanding the search to undersampled ecological niches and improving culturing techniques will ensure discovery of new antibiotics. Invasive fungal infections are responsible for a significant disease burden worldwide. Drugs to treat these infections are limited to only four unique classes, and despite these available treatments, mortality rates remain unacceptably high. In this review, we will discuss antifungal drug screening and how the approach to identifying novel compounds needs move away from traditional growth-based assays in order to meet the demand for new drugs. We highlight specific examples of creative screening strategies that increase the likelihood of identifying compounds with desired activities and provide perspective to inspire development of novel screens for the identification of first-in-class antifungals. The reduction of resource requirements for the outdoor cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana using 180 L flat panel photobioreactors through medium recycling was investigated in this study. Without medium recycling, algae grew in 13.6 d from 0.92 to 5.32 gL-1with a productivity of 0.32 gL-1d-1. For the production of 748 g algae dry weight (DW), 152gkg-1 N, 27 gkg-1 P and 231 Lkg-1 water were needed. A realistic cultivation model with the recycling of medium and a productivity of 0.4 gL-1d-1 was set up based on experimental data, in which the requirements decreased to 104gkg-1 N, 24 gkg-1 P and 141 Lkg-1 water. Compared to the production of lutein-containing plant Tagetes erecta, water and potassium requirements of up to 91% less and 96% respectively and higher biomass productivity by the factor 3.7 was achieved. This study evaluates the use of engineered biochar as a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for transesterification of algal oil derived from a native microalgal consortium. Biochar derived from sugarcane bagasse, coconut shell, corncob and peanut shell were evaluated for catalytic activity following surface modification. Peanut shell pyrolyzed at 400 °C with the sulfonic acid density of 0.837 mmol/g having 6.616 m2/g surface area was selected for efficient catalysis. The efficiency of transesterification was evaluated with 1-7 wt% catalyst loading, methanol oil ratio of 61 to 301 at 55-85 °C over 2-8 h. Biodiesel yield of 94.91% was obtained with 5 wt% catalyst loading, MeOH oil ratio of 201 at 65 °C after 4 h. Spectral analysis of algal biodiesel showed the presence of functional groups corresponding to esters. GC-MS analysis revealed the prominent presence of palmitic and oleic acids, further advocating the suitability of the technology for commercial application. An innovative cathodic algal biofilm microbial fuel cell equipped with a bioactive oxygen consuming unit (AB-OCU-MFC) was proposed for enhancing the leachate treatment containing biorefractory organic matters and high strength of ammonium nitrogen. The proposed AB-OCU-MFC performed better with regard to COD, NH4+-N, TN removals and algal biomass yield than standalone algal biofilm-MFC and control reactors. find more AB-OCU-MFC with OCU of 2 cm thickness removed more than 86% of COD, 89.4% of NH4+-N, 76.7% of TN and produced a maximum voltage of 0.39 V and biomass productivity of 1.23 g·L-1·d-1. The High-throughput sequencing of DNA showed a significant change in microbial community of reactors implemented with OCU, in which the ratio of exoelectrogenic bacteria of anode and denitrifying bacteria on cathode were significantly increased. The results obtained by cathodic algal biofilm MFC with low cost and bioactive barrier of OCU, would provide a new sight for practical application of MFC. High-nitrate wastewaters are known pose substantial risks to human and environmental health, while their effective treatment remains difficult. The denitrification of saline, high-NO3- wastewaters was investigated at the laboratory- and pilot-scale experiment. Complete denitrification was achieved for three different realistic wastewaters, and the maximum influent [NO3-]0 and salinity were as high as 20,500 mg/L and 7.8%, respectively. The results of microbial community structure analyses revealed that the sequences of denitrifying functional bacteria accounted for 96.2% of all sequences, and the functional genes for denitrification in bacteria were enriched with elevated salinity and [NO3-]0. A significant difference was observed in the dominant bacterial genus between synthetic and realistic wastewaters. Thauera and Halomonas species evolved to be the most common dominant genera contributing to the processes of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide reductase. This study is practically valuable for the treatment of realistic, saline, high-NO3- wastewaters via denitrification by heterotrophic bacteria. BACKGROUND The role of hospitals in providing treatment for drug and alcohol abuse varies markedly across countries. Knowing public expenditure on drug treatment in hospitals is an essential input for any cost-effectiveness and policy analysis. However, information on the level and trend in spending is often unavailable. This study aims firstly to estimate the expenditure on hospital treatment for illicit drug and alcohol use as primary diagnoses across Europe for the 2013-2015 period, secondly to explain recent expenditure trends and lastly to analyse their impact on policy. METHODS The study uses annual health expenditure data from Eurostat which complies with the 'System of Health Accounts' framework and covers the countries of the European Union as well as Norway. Data on hospital activities exist for 'Mental and Behavioural Disorders', which includes a breakdown into disorders caused by the use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances. The study uses 'attributable fractions' to estimate the proportiolysis. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and challenging form of breast cancers. Tumor microenvironment (TME) of TNBC is associated with induction of metastasis, immune system suppression, escaping immune detection and drug resistance. TME is highly complex and heterogeneous, consists of tumor cells, stromal cells and immune cells. The rapid expansion of tumors induce hypoxia, which concerns the reprogramming of TME components. The reciprocal communication of tumor cells and TME cells predisposes cancer cells to metastasis by modulation of developmental pathways, Wnt, notch, hedgehog and their related mechanisms in TME. Dietary phytochemicals are non-toxic and associated with various human health benefits and remarkable spectrum of biological activities. The phytochemicals serve as vital resources for drug discovery and also as a source for breast cancer therapy. The novel properties of dietary phytochemicals propose platform for modulation of tumor signaling, overcoming drug resistance, and targeting TME. Therefore, TME could serve as promising target for the treatment of TNBC. This review presents current status and implications of experimentally evaluated therapeutic phytochemicals as potential targeting agents of TME, potential nanosystems for targeted delivery of phytochemicals and their current challenges and future implications in TNBC treatment. The dietary phytochemicals especially curcumin with significant delivery system could prevent TNBC development as it is considered safe and well tolerated in phase II clinical trials. Tanning leather using green biomass-derived polyaldehyde (BPA) is a promising approach to eliminate the widespread Cr pollution in leather industry, but unsatisfactory thermal stability and mechanical strength of the correlated resultant leather limited its industrial application. Herein, we report a green methodology to strengthen BPA tanned leather via introducing chitosan derivatives to crosslink with free aldehyde groups on dialdehyde carboxymethylcellulose (DCMC) tanned leather. H2O2 was employed for purposely modifying chitosan to prepare low-molecular chitosan (LMC) with lower positive charge. The interactions between chitosan/LMC and DCMC were investigated to elucidate the strengthening mechanism. Owing to the weakened hydrogen bonding network and higher accessibility of amino groups on LMC, LMC could react much easier with aldehyde groups on DCMC. Moreover, LMC could efficiently penetrate into the internal fiber networks of leather for further interlocking, which enhanced the thermal stability and the lubricating degree of crust leather and, as a result, the tensile and tear strengths were significantly improved by 79.
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