Notes

Mucoadhesive Nanosystems for Nose-to-Brain Drug Shipping in the Treating Nerves inside the body Illnesses.
The Rhodes piano is an electromechanical keyboard instrument, released for the first time in 1946 and subsequently manufactured for at least four decades, reaching an iconic status and being now generally referred to as the electric piano. A few academic works discuss its operating principle and propose different physical modeling strategies; however, the inharmonic modes that characterize the attack transient have not been subject of a dedicated study before. This study addresses this topic by first observing the spectrum at the pickup output, applying a psychoacoustic model to assess perceptual relevance, and then conducts a series of scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (SLDV) experiments on the Rhodes asymmetric tuning fork. This study compares the modes of the Rhodes piano to those of its individual parts, allowing for the extraction of important information regarding role and natural modes. On the basis of this study, numerical experiments are conducted that show the intermodulation of the modes due to the magnetic pickup and allow the tones produced by the Rhodes from the collected data to be closely matched. Finally, this study is able to extract the distribution of the most important modes found on the whole keyboard range of a Rhodes piano, which can be useful for sound synthesis.Synchronized-spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SSOAEs) present as slow-decaying emission energy that persists after the transient-evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE). SSOAEs possess high amplitudes and signal-to-noise ratios, making them potentially ideal candidates to assay the medial-olivocochlear reflex (MOCR). The current work quantified MOCR-induced changes to SSOAEs over a 36-dB stimulus level range and compared MOCR effects between TEOAE- and SSOAE-based assays. Otoacoustic emissions were evoked using band limited clicks from 52 to 88 dB peak sound pressure level (pSPL) with and without contralateral-acoustic stimulation (CAS) in 25 normal-hearing, female adults. The CAS was 50-dB sound pressure level (SPL) broadband noise and served to activate the MOCR. The number of SSOAEs increased with the stimulus level through approximately 70 dB pSPL. The presentation of CAS resulted in fewer SSOAEs. SSOAEs exhibited compressive growth and approached saturation for stimulus levels of 70 dB pSPL. The primary effects of CAS were a reduction in the SSOAE magnitude and an upward shift in the SSOAE frequency. These changes were not strongly affected by the stimulus level. Time-domain analysis of the SSOAE revealed an increase in the CAS-induced magnitude shift during the decay portion of the SSOAE. Compared to CAS-induced TEOAE magnitude shifts, SSOAE magnitude shifts were typically 2-3 dB larger. Findings support SSOAEs as a means to assay the MOCR.Measurements of the reverberation time series are made at frequencies of 8, 10, and 12 kHz, and the corresponding acoustic bottom backscattering strengths are estimated as functions of grazing angle. The experiment was conducted in the western continental shelf of India (off Kerala) in water depth of ∼61 m where hard sandy sediments of biogenic origin are predominant. The average values of two-dimensional (2D) spectral strength (w2) and exponent (γ2) of seafloor roughness are obtained by inverting bottom backscattering strength data with the help of a scattering model, utilizing the genetic algorithm method. Measurements of one-dimensional interface roughness height are also carried out using a single beam echosounder to analyze the variability of bottom roughness in terms of spatial frequency. The spectral parameters estimated from roughness height measurements are compared to that obtained from inversion results. The 2D spectral strength and exponent of seafloor roughness estimated from the two methods agree with each other and are consistent with the typical values associated with sandy sediments.Wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) measures are noninvasive diagnostic measurements that require an estimate of the ear canal's area at the measurement location. Yet, physical measurements of the area at WAI probe locations are lacking. Methods to measure ear-canal areas from silicone molds were developed and applied to 169 subjects, ages 18-75 years. The average areas at the canal's first bend and at 12 mm insertion depth, which are likely WAI probe locations, were 63.4 ± 13.5 and 61.6 ± 13.5 mm2, respectively. These areas are substantially larger than those assumed by current FDA-approved WAI measurement devices as well as areas estimated with acoustical methods or measured on cadaver ears. Left and right ears from the same subject had similar areas. Sex, height, and weight were not significant factors in predicting area. Age cohort was a significant predictor of area, with area increasing with decade of life. A subset of areas from the youngest female subjects did not show an effect of race on area (White or Chinese). Areas were also measured as a function of insertion depth of 4.8-13.2 mm from the canal entrance; area was largest closest to the canal entrance and systematically decreased with insertion depth.Microbubble-mediated ultrasound therapies have a common need for methods that can noninvasively monitor the treatment. One approach is to use the bubbles' acoustic emissions as feedback to the operator or a control unit. Current methods interpret the emissions' frequency content to infer the microbubble activities and predict therapeutic outcomes. However, different studies placed their sensors at different angles relative to the emitter and bubble cloud. Here, it is evaluated whether such angles influence the captured emissions such as the frequency content. Isoxazole 9 research buy In computer simulations, 128 coupled bubbles were sonicated with a 0.5-MHz, 0.35-MPa pulse, and the acoustic emissions generated by the bubbles were captured with two sensors placed at different angles. The simulation was replicated in experiments using a microbubble-filled gel channel (0.5-MHz, 0.19-0.75-MPa pulses). link2 A hydrophone captured the emissions at two different angles. In both the simulation and the experiments, one angle captured periodic time-domain signals, which had high contributions from the first three harmonics. In contrast, the other angle captured visually aperiodic time-domain features, which had much higher harmonic and broadband content. Thus, by placing acoustic sensors at different positions, substantially different acoustic emissions were captured, potentially leading to very different conclusions about the treatment outcome.A hybrid time-frequency domain method for predicting insertion loss (IL) of intake systems is investigated with detailed evaluation and optimization in terms of acoustic performance and intake efficiency for an automotive engine intake system. Instead of progressively coupling of both domain variables, as in the existing hybrid methods, the proposed method uses frequency-domain source impedance to characterize the acoustic source, and a time-domain method to analyze the acoustic transmission. A simplified equation is derived to predict IL using noise reduction (NR) and acoustic impedance Zl rather than four-pole transfer matrices as used in the traditional frequency-domain method and hybrid-domain method. The NR and Zl of intake systems calculated by the time-domain method are used to predict IL for the first time. This hybrid method has advantages of requiring no numerical engine model while considering the convective and dissipative effect of intake flow on a complex intake system. The predicted ILs of a quarter-wavelength tube and an optimized air cleaner were validated with the measured results. The proposed method and results are applicable and useful to the design of an intake system at an early stage of engine development.High temperature structural acoustic sensors play an important role in many applications. Fused quartz waveguide is a popular choice due to its resistance to harsh environments and its convenience of modification. However, time of flight between pulse and echo, which is widely used in these sensors, tends to encounter drifts in fast temperature changing process even after temperature returns to initial value. In this article, different annealing process are performed for a special modified fused quartz waveguide with a sensor node. Annealing treatment is found able to reduce the drift when the waveguide undergoes a sudden temperature spike to 1000 °C at 500 kHz operating acoustic frequency, and the best annealing condition could make the drift one magnitude smaller. A following temperature test up to 1000 °C shows consistent measurement readings.This work aims to predict speech intelligibility against harmonic maskers. Unlike noise maskers, harmonic maskers (including speech) have a harmonic structure that may allow for a release from masking based on fundamental frequency (F0). Mechanisms, such as spectral glimpsing and harmonic cancellation, have been proposed to explain F0 segregation, but their relative contributions and ability to predict behavioral data have not been explored. A speech intelligibility model was developed that includes both spectral glimpsing and harmonic cancellation. The model was used to fit the data of two experiments from Deroche, Culling, Chatterjee, and Limb [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135, 2873-2884 (2014)], in which speech reception thresholds were measured for stationary harmonic maskers varying in their F0 and degree of harmonicity. Key model parameters (jitter in the masker F0, shape of the cancellation filter, frequency limit for cancellation, and signal-to-noise ratio ceiling) were optimized by maximizing the correspondence between the predictions and data. The model was able to accurately describe the effects associated with varying the masker F0 and harmonicity. Across both experiments, the correlation between data and predictions was 0.99, and the mean and largest absolute prediction errors were lower than 0.5 and 1 dB, respectively.A listening test is proposed in which human participants detect talker changes in two natural, multi-talker speech stimuli sets-a familiar language (English) and an unfamiliar language (Chinese). Miss rate, false-alarm rate, and response times (RT) showed a significant dependence on language familiarity. link3 Linear regression modeling of RTs using diverse acoustic features derived from the stimuli showed recruitment of a pool of acoustic features for the talker change detection task. Further, benchmarking the same task against the state-of-the-art machine diarization system showed that the machine system achieves human parity for the familiar language but not for the unfamiliar language.Offshore wind turbines are increasingly abundant sources of underwater low frequency noise. This increase raises concern for the cumulative contribution of wind farms to the underwater soundscape and possible impact on marine ecosystems. Here, available measurements of underwater noise from different wind turbines during operation are reviewed to show that source levels are at least 10-20 dB lower than ship noise in the same frequency range. The most important factor explaining the measured sound pressure levels from wind turbines is distance to the turbines with smaller effects of wind speed and turbine size. A simple multi-turbine model demonstrates that cumulative noise levels could be elevated up to a few kilometres from a wind farm under very low ambient noise conditions. In contrast, the noise is well below ambient levels unless it is very close to the individual turbines in locations with high ambient noise from shipping or high wind speeds. The rapid increase in the number and size of offshore wind farms means that the cumulative contribution from the many turbines may be considerable and should be included in assessments for maritime spatial planning purposes as well and environmental impact assessments of individual projects.
My Website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/isoxazole-9-isx-9.html