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OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY Studies Before VITRECTOMY Pertaining to MACULAR Openings: Beneficial or perhaps Pointless?
accination supports the evolving dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 variants requiring special challenge since such infection may represent a risk for vulnerable patients.
No safety concerns were identified in patients who received two doses of the Sinopharm vaccine. Its efficacy was not optimal due to the lack of effect on new variations of the virus. However, our data show that it seems to be protective against the severity of COVID-19 infection in patients with hemoglobinopathies. The frequency of breakthrough infections after two doses of Sinopharm vaccination supports the evolving dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 variants requiring special challenge since such infection may represent a risk for vulnerable patients.Since the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019, a number of medications have been used to treat the infection and the related Coronavirus disease - 19 (COVID-19). Some of the administered drugs were tested or used in practice only on the basis of biological plausibility; a promising strategy was to target the host immune response, with host directed therapies (HDTs), to reduce systemic hyperinflammation and hypercytokinemia responsible for additional tissue damage. We summarize the treatments against SARS-CoV-2 and underline their possible effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Both SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb respiratory infections impair the host's immune response. Furthermore, little research has been conducted on the impact of medicaments used to counteract COVID-19 disease in patients with Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI). A number of these drugs may modulate host immune response by modifying LTBI dynamic equilibrium, favoring either the host or the bacteria.The forehead is an important determinant of masculine or feminine look of the face. There are many methods described to achieve forehead augmentation for a more feminine face, and they include fillers, autologous fat grafting, silicone implant or methyl methacrylate. We present a case of a "Barbie doll forehead," which is an interesting trend in Asian countries. Availability of silicone implants of various sizes are not uniform and currently unavailable in India. Alternatively, we devised carved silicone block using computer-aided design (CAD). We also discuss the various methods described for forehead augmentation with their advantages and disadvantages.Background  With 500 million tweets posted daily, Twitter can provide valuable insights about public discourse surrounding niche topics, such as facial paralysis surgery. This study aims to describe public interest on Twitter relating to facial paralysis and facial reanimation surgery over the last decade. Methods  Tweets containing the keywords "facial paralysis" and "Bell's palsy" posted between January 1, 2009, and January 1, 2019, were collected using Twitter Scraper. Tweets were screened by keywords relating to facial paralysis, and usage of these terms trended over time. Logistic regression was used to identify correlations between the quantity of publications per year and these terms posted on Twitter. Results  32,880 tweets were made during the study period, with no significant difference in the number of tweets per year. A very strong ( r  = 0.8-1.0) positive correlation was found between time and frequency of the term "plastic surgery" and "transfer" ( p   less then  0.05). A strong ( r  = 0.60-0.79) correlation was found between time and frequency for the following terms "facial reanimation," "gracilis," "masseter," "plastics," "transplant" ( p   less then  0.05). A total of 619 studies with the keyword "facial reanimation" were published in PubMed within the study period. A very strong, positive correlation between publications per year and frequency was found for the terms "plastic surgery," "function" and "esthetic," and a strong, positive correlation was found for the "plastics," "transplant," "Botox," "surgery," "cosmetic," "aesthetic" and "injection" ( p   less then  0.05). Conclusions  An increasing number of discussion about facial paralysis on Twitter correlates with increased publications and likely surgeon discourse on facial reanimation surgery, driving public interest.Aim  Several health problems have been reported to be triggered or facilitated by prolonged mask usage during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While wearing a face mask, people tend to push their jaws forward and downward in a repetitive manner to hold their masks in the right position; these jaw motions may induce temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD). In this study, we aimed to investigate these repetitive jaw movements while wearing face masks and their effects on TMD. Patients and Methods  Patients who applied with TMD signs between June 2020 and May 2021 were evaluated prospectively. A survey using a questionnaire was conducted to define patients with TMD that caused only by mask-related repetitive jaw movements. Demographic data (age and gender), mean duration of daily mask usage, mask type, and magnetic resonance imaging results were recorded. Results  Prolonged daily mask usage (≥8 hours/day) was significantly higher in patients with mask-related habits (group a) with a rate of 40.4% ( p ≈ 0.001). Also, in this group, the disc displacement with reduction rate (54.6%) was higher compared with other groups ( p ≈ 0.010). On the contrary, patients with no underlying risk factor (group c) showed an unexpected high osteoarthritis rate ( p ≈ 0.029). Conclusions  In this study, we demonstrate that correcting the position of a face mask by repetitive jaw movements can increase the occurrence of TMD. Informing individuals wearing face masks about the risk of TMD and the importance of choosing the appropriate mask size according to the face shape are important issues to be addressed in the near future.Background  The ideal skin substitute should be more similar to normal skin function while causing fewer reactions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of radiotherapy on minimizing acute rejection and enhancing wound healing in children with deep burns. Patients and Methods  A prospective randomized control study included 34 children admitted to the burn unit with deep burns under the age of 12 years. Through the tomotherapy device, a skin homograft from a related living donor was exposed to a local dose of radiotherapy of 500 centigray (cGy). It was immediately used for coverage of the prepared bed after the irradiation was completed. Results  The mean values of the laboratory parameters (ESR, CRP, IL-6, and TNF) for all burn patients in the study showed a significant difference, with p   less then  0.001. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the time from homograft coverage to the appearance of rejection was 9.62 ± 1.45 in group 1 and 14.35 ± 2.8 in group 2, with p   less then  0.001 (highly significant difference), indicating that exposure to radiotherapy can reduce graft rejection. Conclusions  The exposure of skin homografts from related living donors to a local low dose of radiotherapy can reduce a graft's ability to initiate inflammatory and immunological reactions, thereby minimizing rejection of a graft and enhancing epithelialization in children with deep second- and third-degree burns.Background  Several studies have proven prophylactic lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) performed after lymphadenectomy can potentially reduce the risk of cancer-related lymphedema (CRL) without compromising the oncological treatment. We present a systematic review of the current evidence on the primary prevention of CRL using preventive lymphatic surgery (PLS). Patients and Methods  A comprehensive search across PubMed, Cochrane-EBMR, Web of Science, Ovid Medline (R) and in-process, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect was performed through December 2020. check details A meta-analysis with a random-effect method was accomplished. Results  Twenty-four studies including 1547 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Overall, 830 prophylactic LVA procedures were performed after oncological treatment, of which 61 developed lymphedema. The pooled cumulative rate of upper extremity lymphedema after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and PLS was 5.15% (95% CI, 2.9%-7.5%; p   less then  0.01). The pooled cumulative rate of lower extremity lymphedema after oncological surgical treatment and PLS was 6.66% (95% CI  less then  1-13.4%, p-value = 0.5). Pooled analysis showed that PLS reduced the incidence of upper and lower limb lymphedema after lymph node dissection by 18.7 per 100 patients treated (risk difference [RD] - 18.7%, 95% CI - 29.5% to - 7.9%; p   less then  0.001) and by 30.3 per 100 patients treated (RD - 30.3%, 95% CI - 46.5% to - 14%; p   less then  0.001), respectively, versus no prophylactic lymphatic reconstruction. Conclusions  Low-quality studies and a high risk of bias halt the formulating of strong recommendations in favor of PLS, despite preliminary reports theoretically indicating that the inclusion of PLS may significantly decrease the incidence of CRL.Isolated vertebral mestastases can be successfully treated by surgical removal of the affected vertebral body and stabilization with alloplastic material. The bone union between the upper and lower vertebra is expected, yet a relatively high rate of a non-union has been reported. In case of infection, bone consolidation is altered, and removal of alloplastic material is recommended, which decreases spinal stability and is a devastating complication. This case report of delayed infection and exposure of posterior hardware after thoracic vertebrectomy without an interbody osseous union, authors present a successful treatment with vascularized rib flaps through an anterior approach followed by hardware removal.Introduction  COVID-19 has affected plastic surgeons like never before. We conducted an all-India survey to find how the practice was affected among public/private sector, reconstructive/aesthetic practice, and consultants/residents. We have proposed some solutions to the identified problems, which are supported by previous literature. Methods  A survey framed in Google forms was circulated through WhatsApp and emails in August 2020. Closed and semiopen questions regarding changes in personal and professional lives, coping strategies adopted, and open questions for suggestions in improving practice, academics and measures to tackle the pandemic were included. Responses were collected in an Excel sheet and analysis done using SPSS software. Results  A total of 220 consented responses were obtained. Public hospital practitioners had to bear the COVID-related administrative as well as executive works, especially residents, which led to anxiety, family concern, burnout, and concern about the loss of skills and academics. Patient interaction was also reduced. Aesthetic surgeons bore more financial loss. Conclusions  Plastic surgeons in India faced decrease in caseload, financial loss, COVID-related duties, workload for residents, reduced academics, family and mental health problems, difficulty with personal protection equipment (PPE) during surgeries, and queries from patients. These can be solved by doing cases within the limits of protocols and safety, pooling public and private sector for COVID duties, rotating residents' groups to reduce workload, using telemedicine for academics and patient consultations, and providing social support groups to surgeons.
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