Notes

Time-encoded mid-infrared Fourier-domain eye coherence tomography.
The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia challenges the rapid interrogation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in human and environmental samples. In this study, we developed an assay using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) coupled with multivariate analysis to detect SARS-CoV-2 in an ultra-fast manner without any pretreatment (e.g., RNA extraction). Using silver-nanorod SERS array functionalized with cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), we obtained strong SERS signals of ACE2 at 1032, 1051, 1089, 1189, 1447 and 1527 cm-1. The recognition and binding of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on SERS assay significantly quenched the spectral intensities of most peaks and exhibited a shift from 1189 to 1182 cm-1. On-site tests on 23 water samples with a portable Raman spectrometer proved its accuracy and easy-operation for spot detection of SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate disinfection performance, explore viral survival in environmental media, assess viral decay in wastewater treatment plant and track SARS-CoV-2 in pipe network. Our findings raise a state-of-the-art spectroscopic tool to screen and interrogate viruses with RBD for human cell entry, proving its feasibility and potential as an ultra-fast detection tool for wastewater-based epidemiology.The installation of satellite water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) has strengthened the ability to provide cheap and reliable recycled water to meet the increasing water demand of expanding cities. As a result, recent studies have attempted to address the problem of how to optimally integrate satellite systems with other sectors of the urban sphere, such as the local economy, the power supply, and the regional carbon footprint. However, such studies are merely based on the spatial domain, thus neglecting potential time-dependent strategies that could further improve the sustainability of metropolitan water systems. Therefore, in this study a new conceptual framework is proposed for the dynamic management of hybrid systems comprised of both centralized and satellite WRRFs. Furthermore, a novel set of integrated real-time control (RTC) strategies are considered to analyze three different scenarios 1) demand response, 2) flow equalization of the centralized WRRF and 3) reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Data from a case study in California is used to develop an integrated dynamic model of a system of 8 facilities. Our results show that by dynamically shifting the dry-weather influent wastewater flows between hydraulically connected WRRFs, a reduction in power demand (up to 25%), energy use (4%), operating costs (8.5%) and indirect carbon emissions (4.5%) can be achieved. Therefore, this study suggests that a certain degree of hydraulic interconnection coupled with dynamic load-shifting strategies, can broaden the operational flexibility and overall sustainability of hybrid WRRF systems.One of the major challenges in existing WasteWater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is to comply with the increasingly stringent nutrient discharge limits established by the competent authorities to enhance environmental protection, while keeping operation costs as low as possible. This paper describes the results obtained from upgrading a full-scale WWTP during seven years (2013-2020) applying five different Advanced Process Control (APC) strategies. Results show that implementation of APC and the development of ammonia-based aeration control, aeration/non-aeration cycles, improved internal/external recirculation and chemical dosage controls resulted in an improvement in nutrients removal rates (+25.48% and +9.25%, for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively) and in a reduction (-21.79%) of the specific energy ratio. In addition, the promotion of an Enhanced Biological Phosphorous Removal (EBPR) process by APC resulted in an improvement in biological phosphorous removal (+43.90%), chemical savings (-20.00%) and nutrient recovery in the dewatered sludge. Molecular biology tools and laboratory batch tests confirmed the Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAOs) activity, specifically Tetrasphaera genera. Finally, an economic analysis was conducted, showing a rate of return for the incurred capital expenses with the implemented APC systems of about five years, being an affordable alternative to the upgrading existing WWTPs.Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), as a novel electro-driven desalination technology, has attracted growing exploration towards brackish water treatment, hypersaline water treatment, and selective resource recovery in recent years. As a flow-electrode-based electrochemical technology, FCDI has similarities with several other electrochemical technologies such as electrochemical flow capacitors and semi-solid fuel cells, whose performance are closely coupled with the characteristics of the flow-electrodes. In this review, we sort out the potentially parallel mechanisms of electrosorption and electrodialysis in the FCDI desalination process, and make clear the importance of the flowable capacitive electrodes. We then adopt an equivalent circuit model to distinguish the resistances to ion transport and electron transport within the electrodes, and clarify the importance of electronic conductivity on the system performance based on a series of electrochemical tests. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of electrode selection and flow circulation patterns on system performance (energy consumption, salt removal rate), review the current treatment targets and system performance, and then provide an outlook on the research directions in the field to support further applications of FCDI.A novel genetic algorithm-based feature selection approach is incorporated and based on these features, four different ML methods were investigated. According to the findings, ML models could reliably predict bio-oil yield. The results showed that Random forest (RF) is preferred for bio-oil yield prediction (R2 ~ 0.98) and highly recommended when dealing with the complex correlation between variables and target. Multi-Linear regression model showed relatively poor generalization performance (R2 ~ 0.75). The partial dependence analysis was done for ML models to show the influence of each input variable on the target variable. Lastly, an easy-to-use software package was developed based on the RF model for the prediction of bio-oil yield. The current study offered new insights into the pyrolysis process of biomass and to improve bio-oil yield. It is an attempt to reduce the time-consuming and expensive experimental work for estimating the bio-oil yield of biomass during pyrolysis.An air mixing system for anaerobic digestion has been proved to be beneficial for methane production. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the appropriate conditions for air mixing. The effective methane production time (EMPT) was defined to determine the air mixing time in the article. The results indicated that the appropriate aeration intensity was 66.7 mL air per volume of reactor per min and mixing time was 1.5 min. When air mixing time exceeded 3 min on each occasion, total CH4 production was less than that achieved under the no mixing condition due to a decrease in the EMPT. In addition, the possibility of air mixing was evaluated in an anaerobic full-scale plant comprising a continuous stirred tank reactor. One year of operating data validated the feasibility of air mixing during the anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater.The cultivation of microalgae using wastewater could bring some major economic benefits; however, the toxics in wastewater typically lead to a reduction in bioresource production. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) could enhance the photosynthetic activity of Chlorella under antibiotic stress because they might optimize photoluminescence by red-shifting incident light. Adding of 1 mg/L CDs increased the specific growth rate of Chlorella by 36.0% (day 8-13) and 52.7% (day 14-18) and significantly increased photosystems II activity. This treatment also increased amoxicillin removal by 18.6%. Thus, the toxicity of residuals was significantly eliminated (P less then 0.05). The removal of nitrogen and phosphorous was increased by 14.6% and 9.9%, respectively. The production of pigments, lipids and proteins was increased by 16.6%, 19.5% and 24.8%, respectively. This work provided a new strategy of using CDs to mediate the coupling of microalgal bioresources production and toxic wastewater purification.A novel anaerobic baffled biofilm-membrane bioreactor (AnBB-MBR) was developed to treat industrial liquor condensate. In order to minimize membrane fouling, three different reactor configurations of R1No media (anaerobic baffled MBR), R2FF (Fixed Film AnBB-MBR) and R3FF + MVB (Fixed Film and Moving Bed AnBB-MBR) were evaluated at the same operating hydraulic retention time of 3 days. The specific fouling rates of the ceramic membranes were 0.98, 0.84 and 0.5 kPa/L/m2 for R1No media, R2FF and R3FF + MVB, respectively. The R2FF and R3FF + MVB reactors could mitigate the membrane fouling rates by 14.1% and 48.9%, compared to R1No media due to biomass retention in the fixed film and mechanical scouring of the MVB. From the microbial community analysis, higher relative abundances of Methanosaeta were found in the biofilm whereas more Methanobacterium was found in the suspended sludge. Moreover, higher accumulations of humic and fulvic substances in the system could inhibit the methanogenic activity.
Social support is a key determinant of physical and mental health outcomes. Implementation of restrictive immigration policies in the U.S. under the Trump administration impacted the way mixed-status Latino families (i.e., those with varying legal statuses, including undocumented) maintained social relationships and provided social support.

This paper examines how federal immigration policies introduced after the 2016 U.S. presidential election impacted social networks and support related to health for undocumented and mixed-status Latino families.

We interviewed 23 clients and 28 service providers at two Federally Qualified Health Centers and one non-profit organization in Southeast Michigan. Ki20227 in vitro The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically.

Policies introduced during the Trump administration increased opportunities for deportation and contributed to the isolation of mixed-status Latino families by transforming safe spaces of social interaction into prime locations for immigration enforcement activity. Despite the limitations created by these restrictive policies, mixed-status families employed alternative mechanisms to maintain access to vital informal and formal support systems while simultaneously navigating emerging immigration-related threats.

Elections have health consequences and immigration policies are needed that promote the health and well-being of Latino immigrant communities.
Elections have health consequences and immigration policies are needed that promote the health and well-being of Latino immigrant communities.A growing literature has sought to tie educational attainment with later-life cognition and Alzheimer's disease outcomes. This paper leverages sibling comparisons in educational attainment as well as genetic predictors (polygenic scores) for cognition, educational attainment, and Alzheimer's disease to estimate effects of educational attainment on cognition in older age in the United Kingdom. We find that the effects of education on cognition are confounded by family background factors (~40%) and by genetics ( less then 10%). After adjustments, we continue to find large effects of education. College graduates have cognition scores that are approximately 0.75 SD higher than those who report no credentials. We also find evidence that educational effects on cognition are smaller for those with high polygenic scores for Alzheimer's disease.
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