Notes

Transcriptomics expose triphenyltin-induced molecular poisoning from the maritime mussel Perna viridis.
Camping in the mountain regions has several negative impacts, including soil erosion in the campsites. In many national parks, efforts to monitor and manage campsite soil erosion are insufficient or even lacking. Owing to the lack of implementation of formal management practices, the current and former Kuro-dake campsites in Daisetsuzan National Park (DNP) have suffered serious soil erosion. To gain more insights into campsite soil erosion, we investigated these two campsites by short-term monitoring through structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry surveys with ground control points (GCPs). These surveys were conducted three times consecutively in the current (2017, 2018, and 2019) and former Kuro-dake campsites (2018, 2019, and 2020). Two sets of digital elevation models (DEMs) of the current and former campsites were produced with the resolutions of 0.015 and 0.025 m, respectively. We detected that the elevation changes exceeded by 0.03-0.04 m, using the DEMs of difference (DoDs) maps. Soil loss around thal solution to stop or mitigate further erosion. Thus, formal management including monitoring and maintenance of site conditions should be introduced to Kuro-dake as well as other unmanaged campsites in DNP.Selective logging is pervasive across the tropics and unsustainable logging depletes forest biodiversity and carbon stocks. Improving the sustainability of logging will be crucial for meeting climate targets. Carbon-based payment for ecosystem service schemes, including REDD+, give economic value to standing forests and can protect them from degradation, but only if the revenue from carbon payments is greater than the opportunity cost of forgone or reduced logging. We currently lack understanding of whether carbon payments are feasible for protecting Amazonian forests from logging, despite the Amazon holding the largest unexploited timber reserves and an expanding logging sector. Using financial data and inventories of >660,000 trees covering 52,000 ha of Brazilian forest concessions, we estimate the carbon price required to protect forests from logging. We estimate that a carbon price of $7.90 per tCO2 is sufficient to match the opportunity costs of all logging and fund protection of primary forest. Alternatively, improving the sustainability of logging operations by ensuring a greater proportion of trees are left uncut requires only slightly higher investments of $7.97-10.45 per tCO2. These prices fall well below the current compliance market rate and demonstrate a cost-effective opportunity to safeguard large tracts of the Amazon rainforest from further degradation.Innovative methods to combat internal loading issues in eutrophic lakes are urgently needed to speed recovery and restore systems within legislative deadlines. In stratifying lakes, internal phosphorus loading is particularly problematic during the summer stratified period when anoxia persists in the hypolimnion, promoting phosphorus release from the sediment. A novel method to inhibit stratification by reducing residence times is proposed as a way of controlling the length of the hypolimnetic anoxic period, thus reducing the loading of nutrients from the sediments into the water column. However, residence time effects on stratification length in natural lakes are not well understood. We used a systematic modelling approach to investigate the viability of changes to annual water residence time in affecting lake stratification and thermal dynamics in Elterwater, a small stratifying eutrophic lake in the northwest of England. We found that reducing annual water residence times shortened and weakened summer stratification. Based on finer-scale dynamics of lake heat fluxes and water column stability we propose seasonal or sub-seasonal management of water residence time is needed for the method to be most effective at reducing stratification as a means of controlling internal nutrient loading.A double waste stream problem arises from the increasing use of electrical and electronic equipment and their energy consumption potentially toxic wastes from the equipment itself and potential acid mine drainage from the waste of the coal mines that provide the fuel to cover the energy demand. CEReS (Co-processing of Coal Mine & Electronic Wastes Novel Resources for a Sustainable Future) is a novel method to co-process the coal mine and low-grade PCBs waste to reduce their environmental impacts while producing metals and other valuable products. The aim of this study is to investigate whether CEReS method is more environmentally friendly than the conventional practices of landfilling and incineration. Based on a Polish coal mine case study, our study found that the CEReS method could potentially eliminate the environmental impacts related to toxicity but increase the climate change impacts by ten times. A sensitivity analysis has shown that using a lower carbon electricity mix could reduce the climate change and fossil depletion impacts. It is also recommended to reduce water and energy requirements in some stages of the method.The application of clay minerals facilitates the bioavailability of heavy metals and the humification in livestock manure composting. However, whether the humification plays a critical role in the bioavailability of heavy metals is still unclear. Here, with the addition of sepiolite (SEP), the fractions of Cu and Zn, and the spectral characteristics of humic acids (HAs) during aerobic pig manure composting were investigated. learn more The SEP-amended composting had a decreased peak temperature and an increased electrical conductivity, regardless of the SEP dosage. The seed germination index increased by 15.9 ± 0.5% (p less then 0.05) with the appropriate dosage of SEP (6%), indicating a higher maturity and a lower phytotoxicity of the SEP-amended compost. The addition of SEP reduced the water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) content and increased the percentage of HAs by 2.8-10.7%. More interestingly, during SEP-amended composting, the reducible fraction of heavy metals was transformed into the oxidizable fraction, and the bioavailability of Cu and Zn decreased by 11.0-15.9% and 15.4-26.5%, respectively. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and fluorescence spectra analyses showed that the SUVA254 and complex fluorescent components of HAs in the SEP-amended composting increased by 4.4-15.8% and 1.2-9.0%, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) further confirmed that the addition of SEP increased the aromatic index and percentage of carbonyl-carboxyl C of HAs by 3.4-8.3% and 4.6-5.7%, respectively. The redundancy analyses (RDA) described the SUVA254, aromatic index and carbonyl-carboxyl C of HAs had a strong positive correlation with the oxidizable fraction of heavy metals, which was further confirmed by variance partitioning analysis (VPA). Overall, this work suggested that the HAs structure play an important role in the bioavailability of Cu and Zn during SEP-amended composting, potentially providing safe organic fertilizer.The adaptability and biofuel production potential of two strains of microalgae isolated and cultivated in livestock wastewater effluent (LWE) with acid mine drainage (AMD) were investigated. The isolated strains of microalgae from samples obtained from LWE and AMD, two microalgal strains (Nephroselmis sp. KGE2 and Autodesmus obliquus KGE17) were selected based on their growth rate and lipid productivity. The dry cell weight of Nephroselmis sp. KGE2 and Autodesmus obliquus KGE17 after 20 days of cultivation in AMD increased from 0.05 to 0.59 g/L and from 0.05 to 0.55 g/L, respectively. These findings revealed a significant accumulation of fatty acids with increasing AMD content. Nephroselmis sp. KGE2 in LWE with 5% AMD demonstrated a higher growth rate (0.59 ± 0.03 g/L) and fatty acid production (401.5 ± 47.3 mg/L) than Autodesmus obliquus KGE17 with 5% AMD. Additionally, Nephroselmis sp. KGE2 had C16-C18 fatty acid content (92.4%) in LWE with AMD. Biodiesel produced from Nephroselmis sp. KGE2 had a higher cetane number (52.31) and iodine value (88.26 g I2/100 g oil). Consequently, Nephroselmis sp. KGE2 can be considered a potential candidate for biodiesel production using AMD as an iron source.High-strength hydrogels formed in situ through a convenient gel transition process are highly desirable for emergency treatment due to their ability to quickly respond to accidents. However, current in-situ formed hydrogels require a laborious precursor preparation process or lack sufficient mechanical strength. Herein, we reported a series of microgels that were capable of convenient in-situ transition to high-strength hydrogels from their easily portable form, thereby facilitating emergency treatment. Three kinds of microgels were derived from two types of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds; OH⋯OC, NH⋯OC) crosslinked preformed hydrogels, and all exhibited excellent stability when stored at room temperature. After mixing with water, all these microgels could undergo a quick hydration process and then transform into high-strength hydrogels in situ through H-bonds. Specifically, stronger H-bond crosslinked microgels could build hydrogels with higher mechanical strength, albeit at the cost of longer hydration and operation time. Nevertheless, the whole operation process could be finished within several minutes, and the resultant hydrogels could exhibit maximally megapascal-level compressive strength and tens of kilopascal storage modulus. In the comparison of emergency application performance with commercial chitosan hemostatic powder (CHP), we found that the microgels could stop accidental bleeding almost immediately, and the whole process from taking out the stored microgels to hemostasis could be completed within 15 s, which was superior to CHP. Overall, the results indicated that the in-situ formed microgel-based hydrogels with convenient gel-transition ability and high strength showed great potential in emergency treatments.Despite the established effectiveness of evidence-based PTSD treatments, not everyone responds the same. Specifically, some individuals respond early while others respond minimally throughout treatment. Our ability to predict these trajectories at baseline has been limited. Predicting which individuals will respond to a certain type of treatment can significantly reduce short- and long-term costs and increase the ability to preemptively match individuals with treatments to which they are most likely to respond. In the present study, we examined whether veterans' responses to a 3-week Cognitive Processing Therapy-based intensive PTSD treatment program could be accurately predicted prior to the first session. Using a sample of 432 veterans, and a wide range of demographic and clinical data collected during intake, we assessed six machine learning and statistical methods and their ability to predict fast and minimal responders prior to treatment initiation. For fast response classification, gradient boosted models (GBM) had the highest AUC-PR (0.466). For minimal response classification, elastic net (EN) had the highest mean CV AUC-PR (0.628). Using the best performing classifiers, we were able to predict both fast and minimal responders prior to starting treatment with relatively high AUC-ROC of 0.765 (GBM) and 0.826 (EN), respectively. These results may inform treatment modifications, although the accuracy may not be sufficient for clinicians to base inclusion/exclusion decisions entirely on the classifiers. Future research should evaluate whether these classifiers can be expanded to predict to which treatment type(s) an individual is most likely to respond based on various clinical, circumstantial, and biological features.
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