Notes

Silver enriched gold phosphate microcubes as a possible effective recyclable SERS substrate for the recognition regarding metal ions.
This unique longitudinal design confirms the relation between executive function and early bilingualism.
Iron migration from tinplate cans to pineapple drink was studied over time using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, taking into consideration storage temperature, sell-by date and can condition (dented/undamaged). An organoleptic test, at the sell-by date, was also performed.

Analysis of iron in drinks from tinplate cans, glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles was performed up until the sell-by date. For undamaged canned drinks stored at room temperature, iron was found to remain constant at 0.23 ± 0.01 mg L(-1) , from the 24th day until 1 year after production. Iron found in glass and PET bottles also remained constant until the sell-by date, at 0.15 ± 0.04 and 0.12 ± 0.04 mg L(-1) , respectively. However, migration of iron from dented cans was found to be significant. Twelve months after production, iron content in dented cans, stored at room temperature (22 °C) and in a refrigerator chamber (4 °C) was 14.4 ± 1.0 and 5.5 ± 0.4 mg L(-1) , respectively.

Results showed that for a 35 kg child the intake of three damaged canned drinks may contribute to more than 50% of the iron provisional maximum tolerance daily intake. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Results showed that for a 35 kg child the intake of three damaged canned drinks may contribute to more than 50% of the iron provisional maximum tolerance daily intake. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
To investigate the effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α antagonists on MRI dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters in Crohn's disease (CD).

42 patients with CD (median age 24 years; 22 females) commencing anti-TNF-α therapy with baseline and follow-up (median 51 weeks) 1.5-T MR enterography (MRE) were retrospectively identified. MRE included DCE (n = 20) and/or multi-b-value DWI (n = 17). Slope of enhancement (SoE), maximum enhancement (ME), area under the time-intensity curve (AUC), Ktrans (transfer constant), ve (fractional volume of the extravascular-extracellular space), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and ADCfast/slow were derived from the most inflamed bowel segments. A physician global assessment of disease activity (remission, mild, moderate and severe) at the time of MRE was assigned, and the cohort was divided into responders and non-responders. Data were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and analysis of variance.

Follow-up Ktrans, ME, SoE, AUCined disease activity status.

DCE and DWI parameters change significantly in responders to TNF-α antagonists in CD, suggesting an effect on bowel wall vascularity.
DCE and DWI parameters change significantly in responders to TNF-α antagonists in CD, suggesting an effect on bowel wall vascularity.MRI is one of the most dynamic and safe imaging techniques available in the clinic today. However, MRI acquisitions tend to be slow, limiting patient throughput and limiting potential indications for use while driving up costs. Compressed sensing (CS) is a method for accelerating MRI acquisition by acquiring less data through undersampling of k-space. This has the potential to mitigate the time-intensiveness of MRI. The limited body of research evaluating the effects of CS on MR images has been mostly positive with regards to its potential as a clinical tool. Studies have successfully accelerated MRI with this technology, with varying degrees of success. However, more must be performed before its diagnostic efficacy and benefits are clear. Studies involving a greater number radiologists and images must be completed, rating CS based on its diagnostic efficacy. Also, standardized methods for determining optimal imaging parameters must be developed.
The current literature has described the usefulness of elastography and diffusion-weighted MRI in patients with cancer, but to the best of our knowledge so far none of them has compared the two new methods. The tumour cell density is related to the MRI-measured apparent diffusion-weighted coefficient (ADC). The purpose of the present study was to compare quantitative elastography based on ultrasound shear wave measurements with MRI ADC.

We prospectively examined 52 patients with histopathologically proven rectal cancer. The mean age was 67 years (range 42-90 years). Males 39, females 13. Tumour elasticity was measured transgluteally using the acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) to generate information on the mechanical properties of the tissue. The objective quantitative elastography shear wave velocity was blindly compared with the ADC measurements using a 1.5-T MRI system.

The mean tumour elasticity was 3.05 m s(-1) [standard deviation (SD) 0.79], and the mean ADC was 0.69 × 10(-3) mm(2) s(-1) (SD 0.27). Elasticity was inversely strongly correlated with ADC, r = -0.65 (Salkin scale). ARFI = 4.392 - 1.949 × ADC, R(2) = 0.43, p < 0.0001. Intercept = 4.392 (95% CI 3.92 to 4.86), slope = -1.949 (95% CI -1.31 to -2.59), p < 0.0001.

Elasticity correlates with the estimated diffusion restriction by MRI ADC measurements in rectal tumours. The relationship between ARFI and ADC measurement was linear in our study population.

This work describes a correlation between tissue elasticity and diffusion in rectal cancer.
This work describes a correlation between tissue elasticity and diffusion in rectal cancer.Frailty is a clinical syndrome that focuses on loss of reserve, energy and wellbeing. Older people with frailty tend to present late and often in crisis to health and care services so their care may be hospital-based, episodic and unplanned. Frailty should be reframed as a long-term condition that can be managed proactively in primary and community settings by supported self-management and person-centred care. Nurses play a vital role as key workers, care co-ordinators and supporters to patients and their carers at all stages of the frailty trajectory.Approaches to care that focus solely on biomedical needs are still rife in dementia; however, a person-centred approach is emerging that focuses on 'seeing the person'. This article explores the literature on person-centred dementia care to determine if it is an ideal rather than a reality. The background to the development of person-centred care is presented with reference to policies in place in the UK. Using the setting of long-term care, the journey of people with dementia is explored at diagnosis, living well and end of life.This is the second in a short series that presents case study examples of the positive work achieved by trusts that participated in the Royal College of Nursing's development programme to improve dementia care in acute hospitals. Staff often think that there is insufficient time to get to know patients and carers, especially with large and challenging workloads. Combined with a lack of activities and stimulation for patients with dementia in hospital, this can result in poor engagement and a disconnect between staff and patients. To improve these relationships and give staff more time with patients, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has introduced bay nursing for patients with dementia, where one nurse is responsible for monitoring a bay alongside a healthcare assistant for an entire shift. Part of Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Glan Clwyd Hospital in north Wales has focused on improving stimulation by creating an activity room with a specially trained activity worker, providing a relaxed and friendly setting where patients with dementia can take part in a range of activities and have lunch together.Pain is common in older people and its assessment is an important part of the nurse's role. Asking people about their pain is considered the most accurate and reliable assessment because of the subjective nature of pain. A number of simple and easy-to-administer self-rating scales are available to measure pain intensity. To rate their pain, however, people need to understand the request, as well as recall and interpret the painful signal. Observing specific behaviours associated with pain is advocated when communication and cognitive function are impaired, for example, in people with advanced dementia. A number of pain assessment tools have been developed that involve observation of some or all of the behaviours. The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of pain assessment, discuss the various pain assessment scales and tools available and identify some of the factors that can make comprehensive assessment of pain in older people and those with cognitive impairment complex.HIGH STANDARDS of care have been recognised at a home for ex-service men and women.
Infections are major complications in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, among them indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL) including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma and multiple myeloma.We report on a retrospective cohort analysis of outpatients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who were treated in an oncology / hematology group practice and received intravenous polyvalent immunoglobulin G (IVIG) as supportive care. The aim was to describe the treated iNHL population, the course of therapy and the effects of IVIG administrations on the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the incidence of infections and the survival time.

57 patients with secondary iNHL antibody deficiencies (n = 46) or IgG subclass deficiencies (n = 11) who received IVIG substitution were included. Patients received median 11 IVIG doses with a mean dose of 28 g over a period of median 9.5 months.

Mean IgG levels increased with IVIG substitution at about twice and then remained within the normal range. The incidence of infections decreased in 46 % of treated patients. Effects on survival could not be observed. Median overall survival was in the group of substituted patients 124 months (range 7-124), the control group had a median survival time of 96 months (range 3-129) (p = 0.537).

IgG levels should be reviewed during IVIG substitution on a regular basis and dosage and intervals should be adjusted individually.
IgG levels should be reviewed during IVIG substitution on a regular basis and dosage and intervals should be adjusted individually.
Anticoagulation for the prevention of cardioembolic events is highly effective, but largely underused in frail older patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF). This study aimed at identifying characteristics associated with anticoagulation use or non-use and the most frequent complications of this therapy.

Hospitalized geriatric patients treated in a one-year interval were retrospectively studied for the presence of AF and use or non-use of anticoagulation. The risk of stroke and the indication for permanent anticoagulation were assessed using the CHA2DS2-VASc score.

In 451 of 1167 hospitalized patients (38.6%) there was a clear indication for anticoagulation. The most frequent indication for anticoagulation was AF in 381 patients (84.5% of 451 patients). Of these 381 patients, a strong indication for anticoagulation, based on CHA2DS2-VASc score, was identified in 379 patients. Of these patients, 200 (52.8%) did and 179 (47.2%) patients did not receive anticoagulation. MV1035 mouse 153 patients (40.4%) received antiplatelet therapy.
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