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Pathogenic mouth bacterias in hospitalised people with dysphagia: Your quiet epidemic.
A novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis strategy has been designed combining Au@DTNB@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (DTNB attachment on gold nanoparticles, then encapsulated in Ag shell nanoparticles named as ADANPs) and duplex-specific nuclease signal amplification (DSNSA) platform. Firstly, ADANPs and magnetic substrate of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were covalently attached to the 3'- and 5'- end of capture probe (CP) targeting miRNA-21. Upon the addition of target miRNA-21, these heteroduplexes were specifically cleaved by DSN and resulted in ADANPs that were released from the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). At the same time, miRNA-21 remained intact and can rehybridize another DNA probe to trigger the signal-amplifying reaction. Based on this principle, the developed SERS method exhibited good linearity in the range 0 to 1 nM for miRNA-21 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.084 fM and has an ability to differentiate even a single-base mismatched sequence on the target sequence or other miRNA sequence. The results provide a novel SERS method which can successfully been applied to the miRNA-21 detection in human serum. Graphical abstract a shows the synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs and the conjugation of Au@DTNB@Ag NPs (ADANPs) for the detection of miRNA-21, b shows the operating principle of DSN-assisted signal amplification strategy for miRNA detection based on Fe3O4@CP@ADA NPs.Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of bone type, drill diameter, drilling speed, and irrigation on heat generation while performing osteotomy for dental implants. Materials and methods Six polyurethane foam blocks simulating type I (dense) and type IV (soft) bone were selected for the study. Each block was subjected to two different experimental conditions for each drill (2- and 3.5-mm diameter) three sub-groups were created (a) revolutions per minute (50, 100, or 800 rpm) and (b) irrigation (with or without irrigation). Results In 2-mm drill group, maximum temperature attained was practically identical 23.73 ± 2.28 °C in the cortical bone and 23.74 ± 2.03 °C in the cancellous bone. For 3.5-mm, groups showed similar results (25.01 ± 1.88 °C for cortical and 24.05 ± 1.94 °C for trabecular bone). In any type of bone, the presence of irrigating fluid helped to control the maximum temperature (p = 0.001). When comparing the 2-mm and 3.5-mm drills, most differences were found at 100 rpm without irrigation (p less then 0.001) and at 800 rpm with irrigation (p = 0.001). Conclusions Maximum temperature attained was always below the critical threshold that can cause osteonecrosis, showing that both external irrigation with higher drilling speeds and no irrigation with lower speeds were effective methods to avoid excessive heat generation. Clinical relevance Despite being always below the critical temperature, bone type, drill diameter, drilling speed, and irrigation must be considered temperature-influencing factors during implant osteotomies.Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of the immediate and delayed loading of strategic mini-implants (MIs) on the satisfaction of patients with removable partial dentures (RPDs). Materials and methods In this multi-center randomized clinical trial, strategic MIs were inserted under 79 RPDs in 76 participants. Two questionnaires, one for the upper jaw and one for the lower jaw, were given before surgical intervention and 2 weeks, 4 months, 4.5 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after implant insertion. To estimate the loading effect (immediate vs. delayed) in terms of the odds ratio, an ordinal logistic regression model was used. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test, which was corrected for clusters in the patient population, was used to evaluate changes in patient satisfaction. Results After 4 months, a statistically significant difference in favor of the immediate loading group was recognized in terms of the overall satisfaction score. The patient satisfaction scores recorded after 4.5 months and 1, 2, and 3 years showed substantial improvements compared with the scores recorded before implant insertion in both groups. At the item level, substantial improvements were noted in the following domains general satisfaction, RPD retention, stability, support, eating, speaking, and aesthetics. Conclusions Strategic MIs improved the satisfaction of patients with RPDs during the medium-term follow-up period. An earlier improvement in the satisfaction of patients with RPDs was seen after immediate loading of the MIs as compared with delayed loading. Clinical relevance Inserting MIs under existing RPDs can improve patients' satisfaction with their RPDs in several domains.The co-administration of hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin is proposed in COVID-19 therapy. We hypothesize a new mechanism supporting the synergistic interaction between these drugs. Azithromycin is a substrate of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) which is localized in endosomes and lysosomes with a polarized substrate transport from the cell cytosol into the vesicle interior. SARS-CoV-2 and drugs meet in these acidic organelles and both basic drugs, which are potent lysosomotropic compounds, will become protonated and trapped within these vesicles. Consequently, their intra-vesicular concentrations can attain low micromolar effective cytotoxic concentrations on SARS-CoV-2 while concomitantly increase the intra-vesicular pH up to around neutrality. This last effect inhibits lysosomal enzyme activities responsible in virus entry and replication cycle. Based on these considerations, we hypothesize that ABCB1 could be a possible enhancer by confining azithromycin more extensively than expected when the trapping is solely dependent on the passive diffusion. This additional mechanism may therefore explain the synergistic effect when azithromycin is added to hydroxychloroquine, leading to apparently more rapid virus clearance and better clinical benefit, when compared to monotherapy with hydroxychloroquine alone.In Uganda, the role of ticks in zoonotic disease transmission is not well described, partly, due to limited available information on tick diversity. This study aimed to identify the tick species that infest cattle. Between September and November 2017, ticks (n = 4362) were collected from 5 districts across Uganda (Kasese, Hoima, Gulu, Soroti, and Moroto) and identified morphologically at Uganda Virus Research Institute. Morphological and genetic validation was performed in Germany on representative identified specimens and on all unidentified ticks. Ticks were belonging to 15 species 8 Rhipicephalus species (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus afranicus, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Rhipicephalus simus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus tropical lineage); 5 Amblyomma species (Amblyomma lepidum, Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma cohaerens, Amblyomma gemma, and Amblyomma paulopunctatum); and 2 Hyalomma species (Hyalomma rufipes and Hyalomma truncatum). The most common species were R. appendiculatus (51.8%), A. lepidum (21.0%), A. CP 43 solubility dmso variegatum (14.3%), R. evertsi evertsi (8.2%), and R. decoloratus (2.4%). R. afranicus is a new species recently described in South Africa and we report its presence in Uganda for the first time. The sequences of R. afranicus were 2.4% divergent from those obtained in Southern Africa. We confirm the presence of the invasive R. microplus in two districts (Soroti and Gulu). Species diversity was highest in Moroto district (p = 0.004) and geographical predominance by specific ticks was observed (p = 0.001). The study expands the knowledge on tick fauna in Uganda and demonstrates that multiple tick species with potential to transmit several tick-borne diseases including zoonotic pathogens are infesting cattle.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well known for causing a potentially severe course of bronchiolitis in infants. Many paediatric healthcare workers claim to be able to diagnose RSV based on cough sound, which was evaluated in this study. Parents of children less then 1 year old admitted to the paediatric ward because of airway complaints were asked to record cough sounds of their child. In all children, MLPA analysis-a variation of PCR analysis-on nasopharyngeal swab was performed (golden standard). Sixteen cough fragments representing 4 different viral pathogens were selected and presented to paediatric healthcare workers. Thirty-two paediatric nurses, 16 residents and 16 senior staff members were asked to classify the audio files and state whether the cough was due to RSV infection or not. Senior staff, nurses and residents correctly identified RSV with a sensitivity of 76.2%, 73.1% and 51.3% respectively. Correct exclusion of RSV cases was performed with a specificity of 60.8%, 60.2% and 65.3% respec.5 years of work experience to be able to make a RSV diagnosis based on cough sound.The aim of this study was to assess the criterion validity of a new screening instrument, the Early Language Scale (ELS), for the identification of young children at risk for developmental language disorder (DLD), and to determine optimal age-adjusted cut-off scores. We recruited a community-based sample of 265 children aged 1 to 6 years of age. Parents of these children responded on the ELS, a 26-item "yes-no" questionnaire. The children were assessed with extended language tests (language comprehension, word production, sentence production, communication). A composite score out of these tests (two tests below - 1 SD or one below - 1.5 SD) was used as reference standard. We assessed the validity of the ELS, measured by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and AUC. The optimal sensitivity/specificity age-dependent cut-off ELS score was at 15th percentile. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.62 and 0.93, respectively. Positive predictive value was moderate (0.53), negative predictive value was high (0.95), the positive likelihood ratio was 9.16, and negative likelihood ratio was 0.41. The area under the ROC curve was 0.88. The items covered the increasing language development for the ages from 1 to 6.Conclusion The ELS is a valid instrument to identify children with DLD covering an age range of 1 to 6 years in community-based settings.What is Known• Early identification and treatment of developmental language disorders can reduce negative effects on children's emotional functioning, academic success, and social relationships.• Short, validated language screening instruments that cover the full age range of early childhood language development lack.What is New• The 26-item Early Language Scale (ELS) is a valid instrument to identify children at risk for developmental language disorder in well-child care and early educational settings among Dutch children aged 1-6 years.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) live in symbiosis with plant roots, facilitating mineral nutrient transfer from soil to hosts through large networks of extraradical hyphae. Limited data are available on the fungal structures (appressoria) connecting soil- to root-based mycelium, in relation to plant nutrition. Two in vivo systems were set up using three AMF, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis coronatus and Rhizoglomus irregulare, grown in symbiosis with Cichorium intybus. The assessment of plant P content, number of appressoria, diameter of their subtending hyphae and length of colonized roots allowed calculation of the total cross-section area of appressorium-subtending hyphae, which differed among the three AMF and was correlated with plant P contents and with extraradical mycelium density. A conservative evaluation of P fluxes from soil- to plant-based hyphae occurring through appressoria gave values ranging from 1.7 to 4.2 × 10-8 mol cm-2 s-1 (moles per total cross-section area of the appressorium subtending hyphae per time elapsed), depending on AMF identity.
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