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Entirely Automatic One-Step Creation of Practical Animations Growth Spheroids for High-Content Testing.
Therefore, L. plantarum KU15149 was demonstrated to have pharmaceutical functionality as a potential probiotic.Nutraceutical treatments can reduce inflammation and prevent the development of inflammatory diseases. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of Smilax guianensis Vitman extract (SGE) were examined. SGE suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated nitrite production in RAW 264.7 cells. SGE also prevented the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) but not cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Western blot analysis showed that SGE attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκB kinase, inhibitor of kappa B (IκB), and p65. Additionally, SGE inhibited LPS-induced IκB degradation in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blot analysis of the cytosolic and nuclear fractions, as well as immunofluorescence assay results, revealed that SGE suppressed LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, SGE reduced LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression and IL-1β and IL-6 protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Collectively, these results indicate that SGE suppresses the NF-κB signaling pathway and thereby inhibits the production of NO, IL-1β, and IL-6.The red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa has been used for the production of bioethanol. Pretreatment for monosaccharide production was carried out with 12% (w/v) G. verrucosa slurry and 500 mM HNO3 at 121°C for 90 min. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with a mixture of commercial enzymes (Cellic C-Tec 2 and Celluclast 1.5L; 16 U/mL) at 50°C and 150 rpm for 48 h. G. verrucosa was composed of 66.9% of carbohydrates. In this study, 61.0 g/L monosaccharides were obtained from 120.0 g dw/L G. verrucosa. The fermentation inhibitors such as hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid, and formic acid were produced during pretreatment. Activated carbon was used to remove HMF. Wild-type and adaptively evolved Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida lusitaniae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus were used for fermentation to evaluate ethanol production.YjiC, a glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis, is a well- known versatile enzyme for glycosylation of diverse substrates. Although a number of O-glycosylated products have been produced using YjiC, no report has been updated for nucleophilic N-, S-, and C- glycosylation. 2-bromopalmitate supplier Here, we report the additional functional capacity of YjiC for nucleophilic N- and S- glycosylation using broad substrate spectrum including UDP-α-D-glucose, UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine, UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine, UDP-α-D-glucuronic acid, TDP-α-L-rhamnose, TDP-α-D-viosamine, and GDP-α-L-fucose as donor and various amine and thiol groups containing natural products as acceptor substrates. The results revealed YjiC as promiscuous enzyme to conjugate diverse sugars at amine and thiol functional groups of small molecules applicable for generating glycofunctionalized chemical diversity libraries. The glycosylated products were analyzed using HPLC and LC/MS and compared with previous reports.In India, nanotechnology has been used for therapeutic applications for several millennia. One example of a traditional nanomedicine is Rajath Bhasma, also called calcined silver ash, which has been used for antimicrobial applications and for the treatment of various ailments, such as memory loss, eye diseases, and dehydration. This study aimed to characterize the physical composition and morphology of Rajath Bhasma and its suitability for use as a non-toxic antimicrobial agent. First, Rajath Bhasma was physically characterized via i) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the surface functional groups, ii) scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to observe the morphology and elemental composition, and iii) X-ray diffraction to determine the crystalline phases. Thereafter, functional characterization was performed through toxicity screening using zebrafish embryos and through antimicrobial activity assessment against gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Rajath Bhasma was found to harbor alkene, hydroxyl, aldehyde, and amide functional groups on its surface, which originate from biological components. The main component of Rajath Bhasma is silver, having a particle size of 170-210 nm and existing in the form of spherical aggregates with pure crystalline silver structures. Furthermore, Rajath Bhasma did not exert toxic effects on zebrafish embryos at concentrations below 5 μg/mL and exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The present results indicate that Rajath Bhasma is a potentially effective antimicrobial agent without toxicity when used at a low concentration (5 μg/mL).A bacterial strain, designated B301T, isolated from raw chicken meat obtained from a local market in Korea, was characterized and identified using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, obligate-aerobic coccobacilli, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative. The optimum growth conditions were 30°C, pH 7.0, and 0% NaCl in tryptic soy broth. Colonies were round, convex, smooth, and cream-colored on tryptic soy agar. Strain B301T has a genome size of 3,102,684 bp, with 2,840 protein-coding genes and 102 RNA genes. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that the strain B301T belonged to the genus Acinetobacter, with highest sequence similarities (97.12%) with A. celticus ANC 4603T and A. sichuanensis WCHAc060041T. link2 The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values for closely related species were below the cutoff values for species delineation (95-96% and 70%, respectively). The DNA G+C content of strain B301T was 37.0%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-9, and the cellular fatty acids were primarily summed feature 3 (C161 ω6c/C161 ω7c), C160, and C181 ω9c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidyl-glycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidyl-serine. The antimicrobial resistance profile of strain B301T revealed the absence of antibiotic-resistance genes. Susceptibility to a wide range of antimicrobials, including imipenem, minocycline, ampicillin, and tetracycline, was observed. The results of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses indicate that strain B301T represents a novel species of the genus Acinetobacter, for which the name Acinetobacter pullorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B301T (=KACC 21653T = JCM 33942T).Various genetically engineered microorganisms have been developed for the removal of heavy metal contaminants. Metal biosorption by whole-cell biosorbents can be enhanced by overproduction of metal-binding proteins/peptides in the cytoplasm or on the cell surface. However, few studies have compared the biosorption capacity of whole cells expressing intracellular or surface-displayed metal-adsorbing proteins. In this study, several constructs were prepared for expressing intracellular and surface-displayed Ochrobactrum tritici 5bvl1 ChrB in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. E. coli cells expressing surface-displayed ChrB removed more Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions than cells with cytoplasmic ChrB under the same conditions. However, intracellular ChrB was less susceptible to variation in extracellular conditions (pH and ionic strength), and more effectively removed Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater than the surface-displayed ChrB at low pH ( less then 3). An adsorption-desorption experiment demonstrated that compared with intracellular accumulation, cell-surface adsorption is reversible, which allows easy desorption of the adsorbed metal ions and regeneration of the bioadsorbent. In addition, an intrinsic ChrB protein fluorescence assay suggested that pH and salinity may influence the Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of ChrB-expressing E. coli cells by modulating the ChrB protein conformation. Although the characteristics of ChrB may not be universal for all metal-binding proteins, our study provides new insights into different engineering strategies for whole-cell biosorbents for removing heavy metals from industrial effluents.This study aimed to determine the immune-stimulating effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum Ln1 (HK-Ln1) through the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine achieved by inducing NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling pathways in macrophages. link3 HK-Ln1 showed higher NO and cytokine production compared to control (non-stimulated lipopolysaccharide); in addition, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was induced through HK-Ln1treatment. The phosphorylation of IκB-α and p65 increased following treatment by HK-Ln1, which implicates IκB-α degradation and the translocation of p65 to nucleus. In addition, the phosphorylation of MAPKs, ERK 1/2, JNK, and p38 was induced following HK-Ln1 treatment.Land subsidence induced by underground coal mining leads to severe ecological and environmental problems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the potential to improve plant growth and soil properties. We aimed to assess the effects of AM fungi on the growth and soil properties of sea buckthorn under field conditions at different reclamation times. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly promoted the survival rate over a 50-month time period. Inoculation significantly increased plant height after 14, 26, and 50 months. Crown width after 14 months and ground diameter after 50 months of inoculation treatment were significantly higher than in the uninoculated treatment. AMF inoculation significantly increased plant mycorrhizal colonization rate and promoted an increase in mycelial density in the rhizosphere soil. The pH and electrical conductivity of rhizosphere soil increased after inoculation. After 26 and 50 months the soil organic matter in the inoculation treatment was significantly higher than in the control. The number of inoculated soil rhizosphere microorganisms increased and acid phosphatase activity increased. AMF inoculation may play an active role in promoting plant growth and improving soil quality in the long term and is conducive to the rapid ecological restoration of damaged mining areas.Bicarbonate has been considered as a better approach to supply CO2 to microalgae cells' microenvironment than gas bubbling owing to cost-effectiveness and easy operation. However, the β-carotene production was too low in D. salina cultivated with bicarbonate in previous studies. Also, the difference on photosynthetic efficiency between these two carbon sources (bicarbonate and CO2) was seldom discussed. In this study, the culture conditions, including NaHCO3, Ca2+, Mg2+ and microelements' concentrations, were optimized when bicarbonate was used as carbon source. Under optimized condition, the maximum biomass concentration of 0.71 g·L-1 and corresponding β-carotene content of 4.76% was obtained, with β-carotene yield of 32.0 mg·L-1, much higher than previous studies with NaHCO3. Finally, this optimized conditions with bicarbonate were compared with CO2 bubbling by online monitoring. There is notable difference in Fv/Fm value between cultivations with bicarbonate and CO2, but there was no difference in the Fv/Fm periodic changing patterns.
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