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Doing work: Glimpses from the outbreak out of this great spot to date at home.
gordonii oral colonization in mice. In summary, our results support a role for Mg2+ supplementation as a potential prebiotic to promote establishment of oral health-associated commensal streptococci.Zhi-Hong Xu is a plant physiologist who studied botany at Peking University (1959-1965). He joined the Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology (SIPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), as a graduate student in 1965. He recalls what has happened for the institute, during the Cultural Revolution, and he witnessed the spring of science eventually coming to China. Xu was a visiting scholar at the John Innes Institute and in the Department of Botany at Nottingham University in the United Kingdom (1979-1981). He became deputy director of SIPP in 1983 and director in 1991; he also chaired the State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics SIPP (1988-1996). He worked as a visiting scientist in the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, for three months each year (1989-1992). He served as vice president of CAS (1992-2002) and as president of Peking University (1999-2008). Over these periods he was heavily involved in the design and implementation of major scientific projects in life sciences and agriculture in China. He is an academician of CAS and member of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World. His scientific contributions mainly cover plant tissue culture, hormone mechanism in development, as well as plant developmental response to environment. Zhi-Hong, as a scientist and leader who has made an impact in the community, called up a lot of excellent young scientists returning to China. All of his efforts have promoted the fast development of China's plant and agricultural sciences. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 71 is April 29, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Plant diseases reduce crop yields and threaten global food security, making the selection of disease-resistant cultivars a major goal of crop breeding. Broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) is a desirable trait because it confers resistance against more than one pathogen species or against the majority of races or strains of the same pathogen. Many BSR genes have been cloned in plants and have been found to encode pattern recognition receptors, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors, and defense-signaling and pathogenesis-related proteins. In addition, the BSR genes that underlie quantitative trait loci, loss of susceptibility and nonhost resistance have also been characterized. Tween 80 Here, we comprehensively review the advances made in the identification and characterization of BSR genes in various species and examine their application in crop breeding. We also discuss the challenges and their solutions for the use of BSR genes in the breeding of disease-resistant crops. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 71 is April 29, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.The detailed molecular characterization of petroleum-related samples by mass spectrometry, often referred to as petroleomics, continues to present significant analytical challenges. As a result, petroleomics continues to be a driving force for the development of new ultrahigh resolution instrumentation, experimental methods, and data analysis procedures. Recent advances in ionization, resolving power, and mass accuracy, and the use of separation methods, have allowed for record levels of compositional detail to be obtained for petroleum-related samples. To address the growing size and complexity of the data generated, vital software tools for data processing, analysis, and visualization continue to be developed. The insights gained impact upon the fields of energy and environmental science and the petrochemical industry, among others. In addition to advancing the understanding of one of nature's most complex mixtures, advances in petroleomics methodologies are being adapted for the study of other sample types, resulting in direct benefits to other fields. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Volume 13 is June 12, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.RATIONALE Interstitial macrophages (IMs) and airspace macrophages (AMs) play critical roles in lung homeostasis and host-defense and are central to the pathogenesis of a number of lung diseases. However, the absolute numbers of macrophages and the precise anatomic locations they occupy in the healthy human lung have not been quantified. OBJECTIVES To determine the precise number and anatomic location of human pulmonary macrophages in non-diseased lungs and to quantify how this is altered in chronic cigarette smokers. METHODS Whole right upper lobes from 12 human donors without pulmonary disease (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) were evaluated using design-based stereology. CD206+/CD43+ AMs and CD206+/CD43- IMs were counted in five distinct anatomical locations using the optical disector probe. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS An average of 2.1x109 IMs and 1.4x109 AMs were estimated per right upper lobe. 95% of AMs were contained in diffusing airspaces and 5% in airways. 78% of IMs were located within the alveolar septa, 14% around small vessels and 7% around the airways. The local density of IMs was greater in the alveolar septa than in the connective tissue surrounding the airways or vessels. The total number and density of IMs was 36-56% greater in the lungs of cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS The precise locations occupied by pulmonary macrophages were defined in non-diseased human lungs from smokers and nonsmokers. IM density was greatest in the alveolar septa. Lungs from chronic smokers had increased IM numbers and overall density, supporting a role for IMs in smoking-related disease.Enantiomer separation and the isolation of natural products from plants pose challenging separation problems resulting from the similarity of molecules and the number of compounds present in synthesis or extract mixtures. Furthermore, limited theory is available to predict productivities for possible alternative separation techniques. The application and performance of chromatography- and crystallization-based processes are demonstrated for various case studies devoted to isolating valuable target compounds from complex initial mixtures. In all cases, the first emphasis is set to determine the process-specific phase equilibria to identify feasible process options. For all examples considered, yields and productivities are evaluated and compared for different scenarios. Guidelines to approach and solve similar separation tasks are given. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 11 is June 8, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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