Notes

First Report associated with Paramyrothecium roridum causing foliage curse on drinking water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Malaysia.
nd Actinobacteria were the 2nd and 3rd most abundant phyla of fecal bacteria. Neither multi-enzyme affected fecal bacterial composition. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme A or B to phytase-supplemented corn-based diet for weaned pigs can improve their growth performance and fat digestibility. However, multi-enzyme B was more effective than multi-enzyme A in terms of improving the growth performance of weaned pigs fed corn-based diet.
Understanding the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for public health control efforts. Social, demographic, and political characteristics at the US county level might be associated with changes in SARS-CoV-2 case incidence.

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the relationship between the change in reported SARS-CoV-2 case counts at the US county level during June 1, 2020 - June 30,2020 and social, demographic, and political characteristics of the county.

1023/3142 US counties were included in the analysis. 678 (66·3%) had increasing, and 345 (33·7%) had non-increasing SARS-CoV-2 case counts between June 1 - June 30, 2020. In bivariate analysis, counties with increasing case counts had significantly higher Social Deprivation Index (median 48, IQR 24 - 72) than counties with non-increasing case counts (median 40, IQR 19 - 66; p=0·009). Counties with increasing case counts were significantly more likely to be metropolitan areas of 250,000 - 1 million population (p&0·001), to have a higher percentage of Black residents (9% vs. 6%, p=0·013), and to have voted for the Republican presidential candidate in 2016 by a 10-point or greater margin (p=0·044). In the multivariable model, metropolitan areas of 250,000 - 1 million population, higher percentage of Black residents and a 10-point or greater Republican victory were independently associated with increasing case counts.

Increasing case counts of SARS-CoV-2 in the US during June 2020 were associated with a combination of sociodemographic and political factors. Addressing social disadvantage and differential belief systems that may correspond with political alignment will play a critical role in pandemic control.
Increasing case counts of SARS-CoV-2 in the US during June 2020 were associated with a combination of sociodemographic and political factors. Addressing social disadvantage and differential belief systems that may correspond with political alignment will play a critical role in pandemic control.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) have recently emerged as potentially important contributors to marine nitrogen fixation. One of the most widely distributed NCDs is Gamma-A, yet information about its autecology is still scarce and solely relies on the PCR-based detection of its nitrogenase (nifH) gene in seawater, since previous metagenomic surveys targeting free-living planktonic size fractions ( less then 3 μm) have not detected it. Here, we explore the diversity, biogeography, size-distribution, and nitrogenase gene expression of Gamma-A across four larger planktonic size-fractions (0.8-5, 5-20, 20-180, and 180-2000 μm) using metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from the Tara Oceans. We detected a single variant of a complete Gamma-A nifH gene along with other nitrogenase-related genes (nifKDT) within a metatranscriptomic-based contig of the Marine Atlas of Tara Ocean Unigenes. Gamma-A was detected in tropical and subtropical oceanic regions across all the size-fractions. However, the highest gene and transcript abundances were found in the 0.8-5 and 5-20 μm size-fractions at the surface, whereas abundances at the deep chlorophyll maximum were lower and similar across all size-fractions. The ubiquitous presence of active Gamma-A in large planktonic size-fractions suggests a filamentous or particle-attached lifestyle and places its potential to fix nitrogen in larger planktonic compartments.Long-term stability of picocyanobacteria in the open oceans is maintained by a balance between synchronous division and death on daily timescales. Viruses are considered a major source of microbial mortality, however, current methods to measure infection have significant methodological limitations. Here we describe a method that pairs flow-cytometric sorting with a PCR-based polony technique to simultaneously screen thousands of taxonomically resolved individual cells for intracellular virus DNA, enabling sensitive, high-throughput, and direct quantification of infection by different virus lineages. Under controlled conditions with picocyanobacteria-cyanophage models, the method detected infection throughout the lytic cycle and discriminated between varying infection levels. In North Pacific subtropical surface waters, the method revealed that only a small percentage of Prochlorococcus (0.35-1.6%) were infected, predominantly by T4-like cyanophages, and that infection oscillated 2-fold in phase with the diel cycle. This corresponds to 0.35-4.8% of Prochlorococcus mortality daily. Cyanophages were 2-4-fold more abundant than Prochlorococcus, indicating that most encounters did not result in infection and suggesting infection is mitigated via host resistance, reduced phage infectivity and inefficient adsorption. This method will enable quantification of infection for key microbial taxa across oceanic regimes and will help determine the extent that viruses shape microbial communities and ecosystem level processes.Upfront tumour genotyping is now considered an essential step in guiding treatment decision-making in the management of patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in light of the ever-expanding toolbox of targeted therapies and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. However, genotyping of tumour biopsy samples is not feasible for all patients and, therefore, genomic analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a compelling non-invasive option. Current guidelines universally recommend genotyping and support the use of ctDNA testing in certain settings, although they often omit the detail necessary for integrating these tests into clinical care on an individual basis. In this Perspective, we describe the rationale, promise and challenges associated with ctDNA-based NSCLC genotyping and suggest a framework for the implementation of these assays into routine clinical practice. We also offer considerations for the interpretation of ctDNA genotyping results, which, particularly when using next-generation sequencing panels, can be nuanced. Through the addition of this new approach to clinical practice, we propose that oncologists might finally be able to utilize effective genotyping in nearly all patients with advanced-stage NSCLC.Recent evidence has elucidated how multipotent blood progenitors transform their identities in the thymus and undergo commitment to become T cells. Together with environmental signals, a core group of transcription factors have essential roles in this process by directly activating and repressing specific genes. Many of these transcription factors also function in later T cell development, but control different genes. Here, we review how these transcription factors work to change the activities of specific genomic loci during early intrathymic development to establish T cell lineage identity. We introduce the key regulators and highlight newly emergent insights into the rules that govern their actions. Whole-genome deep sequencing-based analysis has revealed unexpectedly rich relationships between inherited epigenetic states, transcription factor-DNA binding affinity thresholds and influences of given transcription factors on the activities of other factors in the same cells. Together, these mechanisms determine T cell identity and make the lineage choice irreversible.Allergies, including asthma, food allergy and atopic dermatitis, are increasing in prevalence, particularly in westernized countries. Although a detailed mechanistic explanation for this increase is lacking, recent evidence indicates that, in addition to genetic predisposition, lifestyle changes owing to modernization have an important role. Such changes include increased rates of birth by caesarean delivery, increased early use of antibiotics, a westernized diet and the associated development of obesity, and changes in indoor and outdoor lifestyle and activity patterns. Most of these factors directly and indirectly impact the formation of a diverse microbiota, which includes bacterial, viral and fungal components; the microbiota has a leading role in shaping (early) immune responses. This default programme is markedly disturbed under the influence of environmental and lifestyle risk factors. Here, we review the most important allergy risk factors associated with changes in our exposure to the microbial world and the application of this knowledge to allergy prevention strategies.Introduction This study was conducted in light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which brought UK dentistry to a standstill. The market has seen a recent influx of unproven extraoral scavengers (EOSs), which claim to reduce the risk of particulate spread.Aims To investigate the efficacy of a commercially available EOS device on contamination reduction during dental aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). The secondary aim was to investigate differences between open and closed dental operatories.Method Dental procedures were simulated on a dental manikin using citric acid (10%) added to the water lines with universal indicating paper (UIP) placed in strategic locations in the operatory, on the clinician and assistant. Chromatic change related to settling of splatter containing citric acid on the UIP was analysed to calculate percentage intensity of splatter contamination.Results EOSs resulted in 20% reduction in frequency and 75% reduction in mean intensity of contamination of operatory sites. There was a 33% and 76% reduction in mean intensity contamination for clinician and assistant, respectively. Use of rubber dam and four-handed dentistry resulted in further reduction.Discussion This exploratory study demonstrates contamination by splatter in a simulated dental setting. The concern in dentistry regarding aerosol requires further quantitative investigation of smaller particles.Conclusions The routine use of four-handed dentistry and rubber dam should continue where possible to maximise risk mitigation during AGPs. However, on the basis of our findings, the use of an EOS device can further mitigate the magnitude and concentration of splatter.Introduction The complex nature of facial pain conditions creates a diagnostic challenge which may necessitate specialist referral.Aim To identify the case mix presenting to a specialist tertiary care facial pain clinic.Methods A retrospective review of 112 patient records was undertaken. Trends in provisional diagnoses from referrers and the correlation to diagnoses made following specialist consultation were reviewed.Results The most common provisional diagnoses recorded in referral letters were painful temporomandibular disorders, trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP). PF-9366 Over a quarter of referrals did not include a provisional diagnosis. Following assessment, only one case was not given a definitive diagnosis and no patients were diagnosed with PIFP. A causative factor was identified in all the initially queried PIFP cases, and painful post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain was found in multiple patients.Conclusions Painful post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain should be considered if pain onset coincides with dental treatment or other traumatic events.
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