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4%); modified Rankin scale (mRS), 0-2 in 17 patients (53.1%); and 0-3 in 26 patients (81.3%). Prognosis was better in patients who underwent surgery after 24 h of stroke onset (mRS, 0-2 in 56.0% cases and 0-3 in 88.0% at 3 months). Statistical analyses revealed that MMT before surgery had a significant association with favorable outcomes (P = 0.041).

Urgent STA-MCA bypass for progressive stroke may result in a good prognosis if the right patients are selected and may play an important role in cases treated 24 h after onset in whom endovascular treatment is ineffective.
Urgent STA-MCA bypass for progressive stroke may result in a good prognosis if the right patients are selected and may play an important role in cases treated 24 h after onset in whom endovascular treatment is ineffective.
Tumors of the axis (C2) are rare, which represents unique surgical challenges.

To describe clinical outcomes and efficacy of transoral curettage and posterior instrumentation for treating C2 tumors, with a minimum 2-year follow-up.

This was a retrospective study conducted at a grade 3A hospital in China.

From August 2015 to May 2017, patients diagnosed with benign C2 tumors were collected in the retrospective study. The Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini anatomic zone classification was used to characterize the tumors. Vismodegib cost The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and the visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were recorded pre and postoperatively. All patients were treated with posterior instrumentation and transoral curettage for tumor excision and iliac crest graft for arthrodesis.

Five patients were included in this report. The tumors involving C2 were all benign tumors. The JOA and VAS scores improved significantly at a 3-month follow-up, and the clinical symptoms were stable at the 12-month follow-up. Computed tomography (CT) scans at a 6-month follow-up showed solid arthrodesis in all patients. With a minimum 2-year follow-up, there was no implant loosening or tumor recurrence.

The transoral curettage coupled with posterior instrumentation with iliac crest graft provides a reasonable option for the treatment of benign C2 tumors.
The transoral curettage coupled with posterior instrumentation with iliac crest graft provides a reasonable option for the treatment of benign C2 tumors.
Corpus callosotomy (CC) is a major disconnection procedure that functionally isolates the cerebral hemispheres, thereby interrupting the spread of epileptic activity from one hemisphere to the other. It is extremely useful in children suffering from non-localized drug refractory epilepsy, especially drop attacks. The technique has evolved from microscopic to minimally invasive endoscopic surgery. The extent of callosotomy also varies based on the institutional practices ranging from anterior 1/3
to total corpus callosotomies (TCC). The performance of TCC in conjunction with anterior, posterior, and hippocampal commissurotomies was described for the first time by the senior author from our institution.

To describe the technique of performing endoscopic total corpus callosotomy, and pan commissurotomy using the interhemispheric corridor.

A seven-year-old right-handed male child with seizure onset at the age of six months presented with three types of semiologies consisting of myoclonic jerks, frequent hinvasive technique best suited for appropriately selected children with refractory epilepsy.
Complex craniopharyngiomas pose a significant surgical challenge owing to its proximity to critical structures and its intrinsic nature to resist radical excision.

To show that endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is potentially a better alternative to transcranial approach in tumors that have been operated multiple times by transcranial route for achieving radical excision with minimal morbidity.

A 32-year-old male previously operated twice through interhemispheric approach for craniopharyngioma presented with blurring of vision accompanied by headache and intermittent diplopia. Imaging revealed a large lobulated suprasellar recurrence with a large calcified part adjacent to left internal carotid artery. The tumor was resected by an extended endonasal approach. The patient experienced improvement in his vision with no significant endocrine complication.

This case demonstrates the surgical technique and various operative nuances of endoscopic endonasal resection of a complex craniopharyngioma.
This case demonstrates the surgical technique and various operative nuances of endoscopic endonasal resection of a complex craniopharyngioma.
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is a rare but curable condition. Microsurgery is a highly effective and readily affordable treatment modality.

We present a surgical video of SDAVF to demonstrate the operative nuances involved.

A 53-year-old wheelchair-bound man with spastic paraparesis for 1.5 years was found to have a SDAVF at L1/2 level with a single fistula point. During surgery, a L1-L2 laminectomy and durotomy revealed a dilated vein accompanying the nerve root exiting L1/2 foramen that showed early filling on indocyanine green (ICG) video angiography. This vein was occluded, and a segment of this vein was removed during surgery, which led to resumption of normal spinal cord perfusion.

The patient showed gradual recovery of lower limb motor power and improved to assisted ambulation after 3 months.

Surgery is a simple, effective, and cost-effective treatment option in SDAVF.
Surgery is a simple, effective, and cost-effective treatment option in SDAVF.
In the modern era of spine surgery for subaxial cervical spine, transfacetal screw fixation has evolved enormously. Transfacetal screw fixation for subaxial cervical spine is a biomechanically effective technique. In this fixation, four cortical surfaces of the facets are purchased by the transfacetal screws.

In this video, we demonstrated the surgical technique of posterior transfacetal screw fixation.

Transfacetal screw fixation of subaxial cervical spine was done along with posterior decompression. The entry point of transfacetal screw was defined as 1 mm caudal to mid-point of lateral mass, and screws were directed perpendicular to facet joint in the sagittal plane and straight in the coronal plane. Bone chips were placed over decorticated lateral mass after decompression.

Patient had uneventful recovery and maintained good status at follow up.

In subaxial cervical spine, transfacetal screw fixation is a biomechanically effective, rigid, and an inexpensive technique to obtain immediate rigid fixation.
In subaxial cervical spine, transfacetal screw fixation is a biomechanically effective, rigid, and an inexpensive technique to obtain immediate rigid fixation.
In recent years, noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has shown promise for stroke rehabilitation as a novel nonpharmaceutical neuromodulatory intervention with attractive neurophysiological theories backing it up.

To find out the short-term effects of NIBS techniques on motor impairment in chronic ischemic stroke.

A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed separately for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and studies that combined both, utilizing various databases for a period spanning from 2001 to 2019. Good-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on chronic ischemic stroke cases with homogeneous clinical upper motor short-term outcome measures were considered for the meta-analysis. RevMan 5.1 software was used for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis registration CRD42021196299; https//www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO.

A total of 319 studies were identified initially. After necessary filters to comply with the strict recruitment criteria, obilitation protocols with NIBS appear safe, more good-quality stratified RCTs with more innovative experimental protocols are needed to analyze and quantify the efficacy of these techniques in stroke rehabilitation.Meningiomas are benign intracranial neoplasms arising from arachnoid cap cells. High grade meningiomas are uncommon and metastasis from these is an extremely rare event. Commonest sites of metastasis from high grade meningiomas include lung, liver, lymph nodes and bone. It is unusual for meningiomas to recur in the surgical track following excision. More so, it is even the rarest phenomenon for a meningioma to implant in subgaleal location. Various mechanisms have been proposed for the scalp implantation vis-à-vis CSF dissemination, direct surgical implantation etc., It may apply to all histological grades of meningiomas. Even the benign tumors have been shown to seed at postoperative scar. This seems to have provoked our interest to review the literature regarding this scalp implantation. We have reviewed all the cases where surgical excision of intracranial meningiomas has led to seeding of surgical track as well as scalp. We have discussed the various genetic aberrations that can guide us regarding the progression of the tumor and prognosis. We also report a case of surgical track and scalp implantation of an atypical intraventricular meningioma following excision.
Neuroethics is a subsection of ethics which allows us to express our concerns with advances in neurotechnology, threat to human race, our freedom of expression, autonomy, and justice.

Aim of the review is to familiarize readers about the concept of neuroethics and alarming threats with newer neurotechnology and to sensitize them about our responsibilities as neuroscientists.

Systematic literature search was conducted from 2010 to 2021 in PubMed to look at previously published review articles related to neuroethics. Relevant filters were added addressing autonomy and consent. Of the 426 articles, only 12 addressed the issue of autonomy and neuroethics and two on consent and neuroethics.

International literature has expressed limited concern on the scope of neuroethics. Newer threats are getting added on with advancing technology, and as neuroscientists, we all need to understand and educate neuroscientists about our social responsibilities in curtailing an out-of-reach situation for the mankind.
International literature has expressed limited concern on the scope of neuroethics. Newer threats are getting added on with advancing technology, and as neuroscientists, we all need to understand and educate neuroscientists about our social responsibilities in curtailing an out-of-reach situation for the mankind.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a parasomnia, after being diagnosed, can predict the emergence of an alpha-synuclein-associated neurodegenerative disease (NDD) in 20-45% and 92% of patients within 5 and 14 years, respectively. RBD is less common in tauopathies, and the studies to evaluate its association with polyglutamine diseases have been very few.

To revisit our knowledge on the significance of RBD in the emergence of NDDs and to review the recent updates in the potential biomarkers, which can help predict the risk of phenconversion into NDDs in idiopathic RBD (iRBD) patients. We also aimed to look at the potential neuroprotective therapies that can potentially be used earlier in iRBD patients.

We conducted a review of the papers, after selecting them from the PubMed database. After a thorough screening, 51 articles were chosen to be included in this review.

The prospective studies showed that the risk of phenoconversion of iRBD into overt NDDs increased over the longer duration of follow up.
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