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Precise prescription medication with regard to tumor people in the context of emotional anxiety.
The RO membrane showed a greater BPA removal efficiency for samples containing 10 μg·L-1 than UV/H2O2 at the evaluated treatment conditions.Rheology measurement, a state-of-the-art technology in a multitude of engineering disciplines, has often been used for computational fluid dynamic simulation of wastewater treatment processes, especially in anaerobic digestion and dewatering. In this work, rheological tests were used to study the semi-solid characteristics of sludge and a good result was obtained. The inorganic coagulants polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and ferric chloride (FC) both increased the floc strength of sludge, leading to higher rheology parameters such as elastic modulus, viscous modulus and specific thixotropy area. Curiously, the shape of all rheological curves exhibited little change with increasing coagulant dosage. The results indicated that various physical and chemical actions among coagulants and sludge flocs relate only to rigid structure, not to the nature of rheology behavior. Frequency sweep tests clearly showed that elastic modulus was a logarithmic function of frequency, suggesting that sludge could not properly be called a soft material due to its inorganic particles. An improved viscoelastic model was successfully developed to predict the experimental data of creep and recovery tests in the linear viscoelastic region. Furthermore, complicated viscoelastic behavior of sludge was also observed, and all the rheology tests could provide the optimum dosage of PAC but not the optimum dosage of FC.Population growth and climate change put a strain on water resources; hence, there are growing initiatives to reduce water use. Reducing household water use will likely reduce sewer input. This work demonstrates the use of a stochastic sewer model to quantify the effect water conservation has on sewer hydraulics and wastewater concentration. Probabilistic discharge patterns have been developed using SIMDEUM WW® and fed into hydraulic modelling software InfoWorks ICM® to produce likely flow and quality profiles for five future water use scenarios. The scenarios tested were developed to outline how commercial and political factors may change water use in future. Scenario testing revealed that 15-60% water reduction reflected a 1-48% drop in the morning peak flow. The water use reduction was predicted to increase wastewater concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TPH) by 55-180%, 19-116% and 30-206% respectively. The sewer flow model was developed, calibrated and validated using a case study in the Wessex Water region of the UK and all future scenarios were compared to the validated baseline case. This wastewater flow and quality model allows scenario testing, which could help redesign future sewer networks to better prepare for water conservation strategies.Numerical and experimental investigations were undertaken to study sediment transport under steady flow conditions and under flush waves in sewer pipes. Experiments were carried out with sand and gravel of different size distributions under smooth and rough bed conditions. Moreover, different hydraulic boundary conditions were investigated for flush waves. The numerical part of this study was carried out in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS Fluent, which is two-way coupled to the Discrete Element Method (DEM) software EDEM. The main focus of this study is to determine if the CFD-DEM coupled method could reasonably predict the behaviour of sediments in sewers and thus be used for studying various features of sediment transport that are not easy to determine in laboratory experiments or in-situ measurements. Furthermore, it is important to replace the traditional empirical approaches developed for fluvial conditions with new methodologies, which are able to consider the high number of variables involved in sediment transport in sewers. The numerical model was validated with laboratory experiments and used to study details of sediment transport processes in sewers.To fully investigate the effectiveness of fillers in the removal of pollutants from rainwater, gravel, zeolite, slag, volcanic rock and iron filings with a 3-5 cm particle size were applied to construct a brick paving system with a frame structure for the removal of pollutants. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Pb) in the influent and effluent were measured, and the effectiveness and mechanism of pollutant removal were further investigated. The results showed that the permeable brick system effectively reduced TSS, TP, Zn, Cu and Pb and was relatively ineffective in reducing NH3-N, TN and COD. The removal results obtained using different materials show that (1) physical interception is the main reason for TSS and TP removal, (2) the adsorption and ion exchange properties of zeolite enable it to highly absorb ammonia nitrogen, (3) iron filings can effectively reduce NO3-N, and (4) adding fillers rich in iron oxide, such as volcanic rock or slag, can contribute to COD adsorption. The study provides a feasible technical path for improving the practicability of permeable pavement.This paper presents a detailed characterization of turbulence in the incoming flow to the clarification component of a water treatment plant, 'Los Molinos' (Córdoba, Argentina). The main problems were related to the presence of turbulent flow patterns throughout the treatment, affecting the proper development of the physical processes required for water clarification. Namely (a) a poor hydraulic design that could produce a non-homogeneous spatial distribution of the flow, recirculation zones and flow stagnation, and a non-uniform discharge distribution among the sedimentation units as a result of different cross-sectional dimensions of the transverse-channel, and (b) high turbulence intensity that affect the flocs' size as well as the efficiency of the settling tanks and filters. Firstly, a detailed in-situ experimental characterization of the turbulent flow was undertaken. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to characterize the flow turbulence, whereas for discharge measurements and mean flow velocity field an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was employed. Secondly, a numerical model, based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the k-ε turbulence closure model, was validated with the experimental data. Finally, based on the results, a diagnosis and recommendations were made for the optimization of the hydraulic design of the water treatment plant.Large volumes of process water and steam are required for extraction and refining of edible seed oils. Water usage in most industries has decreased over the years as increasing emphasis is being placed on water re-use in modern facilities. However, given the size of the edible seed oil industry globally, there is a lack of current quantitative data about water use and wastewater generation. Cell Cycle inhibitor As the world moves towards a circular economy and water becomes more scarce, it is imperative that the industry players provide meaningful input/output data in order to benchmark and identify areas for waste valorization. This review provides data currently available in the public domain on the specific wastewater intake and wastewater generation by the edible seed oil industry, highlighting the need for further data collection. In addition, wastewater quality and current and future wastewater treatment technologies are discussed, as well as the potential for valorization of solid waste and effluent from the industry, and potential avenues for future research.Currently, reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc. are being overloaded by the demand for fresh water, due to rapid industrialization and population explosion, and also the effluents from industries and domestic wastewater are continuously polluting these resources. To address this issue, several decentralized wastewater treatment system (DWTS) have been installed all over the globe to reuse and recycle wastewater/graywater for non-potable uses such as fire protection, toilet-flushing, and landscape irrigation. In this review, a comparison between different DWTS was carried out to evaluate their performance, merits and limitations. Hybrid technologies like the electrically enhanced biomass concentrator reactor and integration of physical/ biological methods with bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells were found to be the most promising methods for near complete removal of pollutants from wastewater and also the issue of membrane fouling was reduced to a good extent.The paper describes briefly the process performance and the reuse potential of a laboratory scale wastewater treatment system. The treatment involves enhanced primary treatment of Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) campus sewage using ferric chloride as a coagulant, anaerobic digestion of coagulated organics, and biofilm aerobic process. The treated effluent after disinfection (using sunlight and chlorine) was used for irrigation of Tagetes erecta (marigold) plants and the plant growth parameters were evaluated for a life span of 3 months. In the primary treatment, an optimum ferric chloride dose of 30 mg/L could remove turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and bacterial count (Escherichia coli) of 69%, 60%, 77%, and 55%, respectively. The coagulated organics could digest in a 25 L anaerobic reactor effectively with methane content in biogas varied between 50 and 60% and enhanced volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction up to 70%. Sunlight based photo-oxidation followed chlorine disinfection saved 50% of the chlorine dose required for disinfection and treated effluent was fit for reuse. The results of growth parameters for Tagetes erecta plants indicate that anaerobically digested sludge is an excellent soil conditioner cum nutrient supplier. The results of this study exhibit a promising reuse potential of a decentralized wastewater treatment system and needs to be promoted for field scale applications.In the present study, bimetallic aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) nano-assemblies were synthesized for heavy metal removal and disinfection of wastewater. These bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a simple co-precipitation method and characterized using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), a Litesizer, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The AZO NPs was tested for lead removal at various environmental conditions and optimized at pH 4 and 25 °C. The kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model and the process consisted of both surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion. Al doping enhanced the surface charge of AZO NPs four fold as compared to ZnO, which improved colloidal stability and contributed towards its reusability. AZO NPs exhibited excellent removal efficiency of 86% over three adsorption-desorption cycles. The adsorption was found to be an exothermic and physicochemical process. The prepared AZO NPs were also used to treat a real wastewater sample and found to effectively remove Pb(II) and kill all the bacteria present.
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