Notes

Alveolar Macrophage Submitting in a Mouse button Style: The value of the actual Fixation Strategy.
This study investigated the antiviral activity of betacyanins from red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red spinach (Amaranthus dubius) against dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2). The pulp of red pitahaya and the leaves of red spinach were extracted using methanol followed by sub-fractionation and Amberlite XAD16N column chromatography to obtain betacyanin fractions. click here The half maximum cytotoxicity concentration for betacyanin fractions from red pitahaya and red spinach on Vero cells were 4.346 and 2.287 mg ml-1, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of betacyanin fraction from red pitahaya was 125.8 μg ml-1 with selectivity index (SI) of 5.8. For betacyanin fraction from red spinach, the IC50 value was 14.62 µg ml-1 with SI of 28.51. Using the maximum non-toxic betacyanin concentration, direct virucidal effect against DENV-2 was obtained from betacyanin fraction from red pitahaya (IC50 of 126.70 μg ml-1; 95.0 % virus inhibition) and red spinach (IC50 value of 106.80 μg ml-1; 65.9 % of virus inhibition). Betacyanin fractions from red pitahaya and red spinach inhibited DENV-2 in vitro.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) which is a marker of oxidative stress, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) which has an important role in inflammation, and vitamin C which has antioxidant properties in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD).

Thirty patients with wAMD were included in the study and serum levels of MDA, MCP-1, and vitamin C were compared with healthy participants (
 = 30). Serum vitamin C and MDA levels were measured using a spectrophotometric method. Serum MCP-1 levels were determined by the ELISA method.

MCP-1 and MDA levels were higher in patients with wAMD compared with the control group (
 < 0.05). Serum vitamin C levels were lower in patients with wAMD compared with the control group (
 < 0.05).

The increase in the MCP-1 levels in patients with wAMD may be associated with increased inflammation in wAMD. Decreased serum vitamin C and elevated MDA levels in patients with wAMD suggest increased oxidative stress in wAMD patients. These results indicate that the increased oxidative stress and inflammation can play a role in the pathogenesis of wAMD.
The increase in the MCP-1 levels in patients with wAMD may be associated with increased inflammation in wAMD. Decreased serum vitamin C and elevated MDA levels in patients with wAMD suggest increased oxidative stress in wAMD patients. These results indicate that the increased oxidative stress and inflammation can play a role in the pathogenesis of wAMD.Introduction  In patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as edoxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban are more convenient, safer, and just as effective as vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Limited information is known about the effects of patient characteristics on VTE efficacy and safety of DOACs compared with VKAs, without appropriate effect modifier adjustment comparisons of DOACs may be biased. This study considers the effect of variables that can modify the efficacy and safety of edoxaban and warfarin, using patient-level data. Materials and Methods  The primary efficacy and safety outcomes in the HOKUSAI-VTE study were VTE recurrence and clinically relevant bleeding, respectively. Potential effect modifiers were age, creatinine clearance, and weight. The relationship between the percentage of time in international normalized ratio (INR) control and outcomes were considered for the warfarin arm. Univariate and multivariate regression were performed for each pong DOACs if VKAs are the reference treatment.Introduction  A paucity of contemporary data examining bleeding-related hospitalization outcomes in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients exists. Methods  Adults in the Nationwide Readmissions Database (January 2016-November 2016) with AF and hospitalized for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or other bleeding were identified. Association between bleed types and outcomes were assessed using multivariable regression (gastrointestinal defined as referent) and reported as crude incidences and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results  In total, 196,878 index bleeding-related hospitalizations were identified in this AF cohort (CHA2DS2VASc score ≥2 in 95.1%), with 70.8% classified as gastrointestinal. The overall incidences of in-hospital mortality, need for post-discharge out-of-home care, and 30-day readmission were 4.9, 50.8, and 18.2%, respectively. Multivariable regression suggested traumatic and nontraumatic ICHs were associated withsk factors and mitigation techniques to avoid bleeding-related patient hospitalizations.
Changes in the state of energy balance owing to changes in physical activity (PA) may affect the reproductive system.

the aim of this study was to assess the association between PA and infertility of women living in Yazd 2014 - 2015.

The study method was analytical cross-sectional on the Yazd Health Study (YaHS) data which was conducted on 10,000 people. We studied 2,611 women (20 and 49 yrs old), living in Greater Yazd area. PA information was collected using a physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The standardized instruments were used for anthropometrics measurement.

Totally 135 cases of infertility were documented. The overall prevalence of infertility was 4.73% (95% CI 3.94-5.59%). The median of PA scores (METs) in women was 746.66 and 25-75% interquartile range was 361.25-1277.25. The relationship according to the Chi-square test between infertility and PA, as categorized variables, was significant (p = 0.015). It showed over 90% of those who suffered from infertility had a low or moderate PA.

The results of our study showed that there is a significant relationship between infertility and PA level in women living in Greater Yazd area. Also, women with infertility had lower activity levels, consistent with most previous studies.
The results of our study showed that there is a significant relationship between infertility and PA level in women living in Greater Yazd area. Also, women with infertility had lower activity levels, consistent with most previous studies.
Phosalone is an organophosphate insecticide, applied to control of plant pests. This compound has various side effects because it acts as an acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibitor.

To investigate the effects of phosalone on the sperm parameters of and levels of sex hormones in adult male rats.

In this experimental study, 16 adult (8-12 wk) male Wister rates (weighing 220-280 gr) were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 4/each). Group 1 (control) received only routine adequate water and food; Group 2, 3, and 4 received different low doses of phosalone (60, 90, and 120 mg/kg respectively). The rats were weighed and anesthetized after 48 days. Sperm parameters including number, motility, and viability as well as sex hormones (such as Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, and testosterone) were evaluated and compared after removing the epididymis tail.

Our results showed that phosalone decreased sperm motility, viability, and number in a dose-dependent manner. The level of FSH and LH was increased, and testosterone was decreased. Also, depending on the dose, phosalone decrease sperm motility and viability (p


≤

0.001), while the level of FSH and LH was increased and testosterone was decreased (p = 0.861).

Phosalone has negative effects on reproductive indices in male rats and can cause serious damage and decrease the number and sperms motility. link2 It can also cause infertility due to changing the concentration of hormones.
Phosalone has negative effects on reproductive indices in male rats and can cause serious damage and decrease the number and sperms motility. It can also cause infertility due to changing the concentration of hormones.
3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is commonly known as the most famous amphetamine derivative.

To evaluate the influence of zinc on MDMA-induced apoptosis and caspase- 3 gene expression in Leydig cell line (TM3).

Leydig cells were studied in differenet treatment groups regarding MDMA (0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 mM) and zinc (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 μM). By the way, the effective concentration was determined to be 5 mM for MDMA and 8 μM for zinc. Then, TM3 cells were cultured in free medium as control (group I), medium containing MDMA (5 mM) (group II), zinc (8 µM) (group III), and zinc (8 µM) prior to MDMA (5 mM) (group IV) as well as in an untreated group (control). Cell viability was assessed at different times after cell culture by MTT assay. The mRNA expression level of caspase-3 was analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

The cellular viability was significantly reduced in TM3 cells after 24 hr and 48 hr exposure time regarding different concentrations of MDMA as well as high concentration of zinc (16 and 32 μM). Cell viability was increased in the group that received zinc (8 µM) before addition of MDMA (5 mM) compared to the control and MDMA groups. The mean


±

SE of fold was 22.40


±

7.5, 0.06


±

0.02, and 0.009


±

0.003 in MDMA, zinc, and zinc + MDMA groups, respectively. The mean of caspase-3 mRNA level was significantly increased in the MDMA-treated group (5 mM), while the relative expression of caspase-3 gene was significantly decreased in the zinc (8 µM) + MDMA (5 mM) group compared with the MDMA (5 mM) group (p = 0.001).

Dietary intake of zinc has a protective effect against MDMA consumption in mouse.
Dietary intake of zinc has a protective effect against MDMA consumption in mouse.
Zirconium nanoparticles are used as health agents, pharmaceutical carriers, and in dental and orthopedic implants.

This studyaimed to investigate the effects of Zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the process of spermatogenesis in rat.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats (150-200 gr), with range of age 2.5 to 3 months were used and divided into four groups of eight per each. The control group received 0.5 ml of distilled water and the three experimental groups received 50, 200, and 400 ppm doses of Zirconium oxide nanoparticles solution over a 30-day period, respectively. At the end of the experiment, tissue sections were taken from the testis and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Serum concentration of testosterone was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

In the experimental group receiving 400 ppm Zirconium oxide nanoparticles, the number of Spermatogonia cells (p


≤

0.01), Spermatocytes (p


≤

0.01), Spermatids (p


≤

0.001), and sertoli and Leydig cells (p


≤

0.05) showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. link3 Serum testosterone concentration did not change significantly in all experimental groups receiving Zirconium oxide nanoparticles compared to the control group. Experimental group received 400 ppm Zirconium oxide nanoparticles shrinkage of seminal tubules and reduced lumen space compared to control group.

Zirconium oxide nanoparticles are likely to damage the testes by increasing Reactive oxygen species production and free radicals.
Zirconium oxide nanoparticles are likely to damage the testes by increasing Reactive oxygen species production and free radicals.
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