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Elbow Arthrodesis Surgery Technique.
Combinatorial antibody libraries not only effectively reduce antibody discovery to a numbers game, but enable documentation of the history of antibody responses in an individual. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has prompted a wider application of this technology to meet the public health challenge of pandemic threats in the modern era. Herein, a combinatorial human antibody library constructed 20 years before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is used to discover three highly potent antibodies that selectively bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. Compared to neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients with generally low somatic hypermutation (SHM), these three antibodies contain over 13-22 SHMs, many of which are involved in specific interactions in their crystal structures with SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain. The identification of these somatically mutated antibodies in a pre-pandemic library raises intriguing questions about the origin and evolution of these antibodies with respect to their reactivity with SARS-CoV-2.One of the major limitations of standard top-down technologies used in today's neuromorphic engineering is their inability to map the 3D nature of biological brains. Here, it is shown how bipolar electropolymerization can be used to engineer 3D networks of PEDOTPSS dendritic fibers. By controlling the growth conditions of the electropolymerized material, it is investigated how dendritic fibers can reproduce structural plasticity by creating structures of controllable shape. Gradual topologies evolution is demonstrated in a multielectrode configuration. A detailed electrical characterization of the PEDOTPSS dendrites is conducted through DC and impedance spectroscopy measurements and it is shown how organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) can be realized with these structures. These measurements reveal that quasi-static and transient response of OECTs can be adjusted by controlling dendrites' morphologies. The unique properties of organic dendrites are used to demonstrate short-term, long-term, and structural plasticity, which are essential features required for future neuromorphic hardware development.Increasing evidence has demonstrated that lactate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) both play important roles in regulating abnormal metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, an O2 self-supplying catalytic nanoagent, based on tannic acid (TA)-Fe(III) coordination complexes-coated perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) nanodroplets with lactate oxidases (LOX) loading (PFOB@TA-Fe(III)-LOX, PTFL), is designed for cascade metabolic-chemodynamic therapy (CDT) by dual-depletion of lactate and ATP with hydroxyl • OH radicals generation. Benefiting from the catalytic property of loaded LOX and O2 self-supplying of PFOB nanodroplets, PTFL nanoparticles (NPs) efficiently deplete tumoral lactate for down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and supplement the insufficient endogenous H2 O2 . Simultaneously, TA-Fe(III) complexes release Fe(III) ions and TA in response to intracellular up-regulated ATP in tumor cells followed by TA-mediated Fe(III)/Fe(II) conversion, leading to the depletion of energy source ATP and the generation of cytotoxic • OH radicals from H2 O2 . Moreover, TA-Fe(III) complexes provide photoacoustic contrast as imaging guidance to enhance therapeutic accuracy. As a result, PTFL NPs efficiently accumulate in tumors for suppression of tumor growth and show evidence of anti-angiogenesis and anti-metastasis effects. This multifunctional nanoagent may provide new insight for targeting abnormal tumor metabolism with the combination of CDT to achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect.Self-morphing of thin plates could greatly impact the life if used in architectural context. Yet, so far, its realizations are limited to small-scale structures made of model materials. Here, new fabrication techniques are developed that turn two conventional construction materials-clay and fiber composites (FRP)-into smart, self-morphing materials, compatible with architectural needs. Controlled experiments verify the quantitative connection between the prescribed small-scale material structure and the global 3D surface, as predicted by the theory of incompatible elastic sheets. Scaling up of desired structures is demonstrated, including a method that copes with self-weight effects. Finally, a method for the construction of FRP surfaces with complex curvature distribution is presented, together with a software interface that allows the computation of the 3D surface for a given fiber pattern (the forward problem), as well as the fiber distribution required for a desired 3D shape (the inverse problem). This work shows the feasibility of large-scale self-morphing surfaces for architecture.The first flexible organic-heterojunction neuromorphic transistor (OHNT) that senses broadband light, including near-ultraviolet (NUV), visible (vis), and near-infrared (NIR), and processes multiplexed-neurotransmission signals is demonstrated. For UV perception, electrical energy consumption down to 536 aJ per synaptic event is demonstrated, at least one order of magnitude lower than current UV-sensitive synaptic devices. For NIR- and vis-perception, switchable plasticity by alternating light sources is yielded for recognition and memory. The device emulates multiplexed neurochemical transition of different neurotransmitters such as dopamine and noradrenaline to form short-term and long-term responses. These facilitate the first realization of human-integrated motion state monitoring and processing using a synaptic hardware, which is then used for real-time heart monitoring of human movement. Motion state analysis with the 96% accuracy is then achieved by artificial neural network. This work provides important support to future biomedical electronics and neural prostheses.There is an unmet need for safe and effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines that are stable and can be cost-effectively produced at large scale. Here, a biopolymer particle (BP) vaccine technology that can be quickly adapted to new and emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 is used. Coronavirus antigen-coated BPs are described as vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The spike protein subunit S1 or epitopes from S and M proteins (SM) plus/minus the nucleocapsid protein (N) are selected as antigens to either coat BPs during assembly inside engineered Escherichia coli or BPs are engineered to specifically ligate glycosylated spike protein (S1-ICC) produced by using baculovirus expression in insect cell culture (ICC). BP vaccines are safe and immunogenic in mice. BP vaccines, SM-BP-N and S1-ICC-BP induced protective immunity in the hamster SARS-CoV-2 infection model as shown by reduction of virus titers up to viral clearance in lungs post infection. The BP platform offers the possibility for rapid design and cost-effective large-scale manufacture of ambient temperature stable and globally available vaccines to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Metallurgy and material design have thousands of years' history and have played a critical role in the civilization process of humankind. The traditional trial-and-error method has been unprecedentedly challenged in the modern era when the number of components and phases in novel alloys keeps increasing, with high-entropy alloys as the representative. New opportunities emerge for alloy design in the artificial intelligence era. Here, a successful machine-learning (ML) method has been developed to identify the microstructure images with eye-challenging morphology for a number of martensitic and ferritic steels. Assisted by it, a new neural-network method is proposed for the inverse design of alloys with 20 components, which can accelerate the design process based on microstructure. The method is also readily applied to other material systems given sufficient microstructure images. This work lays the foundation for inverse alloy design based on microstructure images with extremely similar features.Active mechanical metamaterials (AMMs) (or smart mechanical metamaterials) that combine the configurations of mechanical metamaterials and the active control of stimuli-responsive materials have been widely investigated in recent decades. The elaborate artificial microstructures of mechanical metamaterials and the stimulus response characteristics of smart materials both contribute to AMMs, making them achieve excellent properties beyond the conventional metamaterials. The micro and macro structures of the AMMs are designed based on structural construction principles such as, phase transition, strain mismatch, and mechanical instability. Considering the controllability and efficiency of the stimuli-responsive materials, physical fields such as, the temperature, chemicals, light, electric current, magnetic field, and pressure have been adopted as the external stimuli in practice. In this paper, the frontier works and the latest progress in AMMs from the aspects of the mechanics and materials are reviewed. The functions and engineering applications of the AMMs are also discussed. Finally, existing issues and future perspectives in this field are briefly described. This review is expected to provide the basis and inspiration for the follow-up research on AMMs.
Several studies have demonstrated the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care providers. However, there is little known about how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted radiation therapists (RTs) in Norway or Canada. The aim of this investigation was to study the psychological impact of working during the COVID-19 pandemic among RTs in Canada and Norway.

Online surveys were administered to a convenience sample of RTs and RT department managers. Approximately 2000 and 300 RTs were invited to participate from Canada and Norway, respectively. selleck chemicals The RT survey collected information on demographics, work-related stressors, psychological impact, quality of life, and workplace support programmes. The RT manager survey collected information on departmental changes, patient volumes, staff shortages and redeployment, personal protective equipment, and infection control measures. Descriptive analysis, group comparisons and logistic regression were used to examine the impact of COVID-19 on RTs in the twes in the workplace to mitigate the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on RTs.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to similar stressors amongst Canadian and Norwegian RTs but relatively higher levels of psychological impact among Canadian RTs. Findings demonstrate the importance of mental health support programmes in the workplace to mitigate the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on RTs.MXenes, a new class of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, have shown enormous potential for biological applications. Notably, the development of 2D MXenes in nanomedicine is still in its infancy. Herein, a distinct W1.33 C i-MXene with multiple theranostic functionalities, fast biodegradation, and satisfactory biocompatibility is explored. By designing a parent bulk laminate in-plane ordered (W2/3 Y1/3 )2 AlC ceramic and optionally etching aluminum (Al) and yttrium (Y) elements, 2D W1.33 C i-MXene nanosheets with ordered divacancies are efficiently fabricated. Especially, theoretical simulations reveal that W1.33 C i-MXene possesses a strong predominance of near-infrared (NIR) absorbance. The constructed ultrathin W1.33 C nanosheets feature excellent photothermal-conversion effectiveness (32.5% at NIR I and 49.3% at NIR II) with desirable biocompatibility and fast degradation in normal tissue rather than in tumor tissue. Importantly, the multimodal-imaging properties and photothermal-ablation performance of W1.
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