Notes

Conflict of Interest inside Study as well as Book: Has got the Pendulum Released Much?
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been identified as one of the environmental agents that causes multiple sclerosis (MS). The global prevalence of MS has been upsurging over the years; however, efforts to divulge the role of MAP in MS have been limited. As a result, the present study aimed at assessing the odd ratios (ORs) associated MAP with the risk of MS. MAP-related MS data were obtained from 6 databases using the terms 'multiple sclerosis' or 'MS' and 'paratuberculosis' without regard for time or language restrictions following PRISMA standards. A total of 2,538 participants' data from 12 studies presenting anti-MAP antibodies and MAP DNA from 4 studies were fitted in random-effects (RE) and fixed-effects (FE) meta-analytic models. Furthermore, the between-study heterogeneity was measured using I2-values with a significant limit set at an I² > 75%. Analytical rigor and publication bias was determined using leave-one-out-analytics, Egger's tests, and p-curve analysis. In the FE and RE 5%-99%)). In conclusion, the synthesis revealed a strong association between MAP and MS, indicating that MAP is a significant environmental agent that may trigger MS. Thus, early screening of MAP in MS cases may assist in the therapeutic approach to its management/treatment. Therefore, future studies should be tailored towards the role of MAP in the severity of MS phenotypes, as well as address global data gaps and low disease surveillance.
Vaccination against SARS CoV-2 results in excellent personal protection against a severe course of COVID19. In People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) vaccination efficacy may be reduced by immunomodulatory medications.

To assess the vaccination induced cellular and humoral immune response in PwMS receiving disease modifying therapies.

In a monocentric observational study on PwMS and patients with Neuromyelitis optica we quantified the cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS CoV-2.

PwMS receiving glatiramer acetate, Interferon-ß, Dimethylfumarate, Cladribine or Natalizumab had intact humoral and cellular immune responses following vaccination against SARS CoV-2. B-cell depleting therapies reduced B-cell responses but did not affect T cell responses. Sphingosin-1-Phospate (S1P) inhibitors strongly reduced humoral and cellular immune responses. There was a good agreement between the Interferon gamma release assay and the T-SPOT assay used to measure viral antigen induced T-cell responses.

This study demonstrates that S1P inhibitors impair the cellular and humoral immune response in SARS CoV-2 vaccination, whereas patients receiving B-cell depleting therapies mount an intact cellular immune response. These data can support clinicians in counselling their PwMS and NMOSD patients during the COVID 19 pandemic.
This study demonstrates that S1P inhibitors impair the cellular and humoral immune response in SARS CoV-2 vaccination, whereas patients receiving B-cell depleting therapies mount an intact cellular immune response. These data can support clinicians in counselling their PwMS and NMOSD patients during the COVID 19 pandemic.The closely related apicomplexa protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp., and Sarcocystis neurona, have all been associated with neurological and reproductive diseases in horses. However, there is limited data regarding the presence of these three parasites in equine placental tissues and amniotic fluid. The aim of the present report was to investigate the presence of the DNA of T. gondii, Neospora spp. and S. neurona in placentas and amniotic fluid in mares. Anti-T. gondii, anti- S. neurona and anti- Neospora spp. antibody titers were evaluated in 31 mares in the final third of pregnancy by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The presence of parasite DNA in placentas and amniotic fluid was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using two target loci (ITS1 and Nc5). No antibodies to were identified nor was any T. gondii DNA detected in any mare. Antibodies to Neospora spp. were found in 6 mares (19.35 %) and DNA from this protozoan was detected in four placentas (12.9 %) and in five amniotic fluid samples (16.6 %). Antibodies to Sarcocystis spp. were detected in nine mares and S. neurona DNA was found in only one placenta (3.23 %). Our results suggest that the transplacental route may be a potential source of Neospora caninum infection in mares. Further studies are needed to understand the role of transplacental transmission in the epidemiology of these protozoa.Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is a neurohypophyseal peptide that plays a critical role in the regulation of social behavior in mammals. Neuronal AVP regulates male-specific social signaling processes, such as exocrine urinary scent deposition and marking behavior in mice. In the periphery, AVP is transported to the portal bloodstream and acts as an antidiuretic hormone. These AVP dynamics imply that the central role of AVP in the stimulation of urinary marking is dissociated with the peripheral role of AVP in the retention of osmotic conditions. Using male BALB/c mice as subjects, peripheral injection of AVP decreased urinary marking and urination. In contrast, a central infusion of AVP facilitated urinary marking with no effect on urination, while an antagonist of the AVP 1a receptor inhibited marking. Centrally AVP-injected mice also exhibited typical behaviors, such as hiccough/sneeze-like reactions and flash scratching, particularly when confronted with a stimulus mouse through a wire mesh screen. Significant expression of these typical reactions in these mice resulted in the disruption of marking deposition. Further analysis of AVP synthesis illustrated that AVP levels increased in the midbrain but not in the circulation immediately after the test, particularly when confronted with a stimulus mouse. The central AVP regulates urinary marking and other typical behaviors in a dose- and situation-dependent manner. The sequential process implies that centrally synthesized AVP may be secreted into the circulation following immediate neuronal processes, and then peripheral AVP acts as an antidiuretic hormone on urinary marking behavior.Littering in urban areas negatively affects their appearance, is harmful to the environment and increases pollution. It is a typical urban problem looming large upon Beijing and other megacities striving for liveability and harmony in economy, society and environment. This study analyzed the amount and spatial distribution of urban litter generation in Beijing based on the Kernel Density Estimation method and Anselin's Local Moran I method. We analyzed multiple factors affecting littering in urban areas based on the random forest machine learning method. The results show that the density distribution of litter presents a typical core edge diffusion spatial distribution pattern. High clusters of litter were found in most regions of Dongcheng District and central regions of Haidian District. We have verified that littering in urban areas is mostly affected by population, POIs (interest points), road networks, and the management of the city environment. Among these, permanent population, level of road cleaning, the presence of branch roads and commercial places are the four most important influencing factors. This study is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of littering in urban areas and can help city managers better address this problem.Banana wastes can be valorised in bioethanol due to its high content in cellulose (more than 30% of total on a dry basis) and hemicelluloses (25% of total). Large amount of these wastes is generated during the banana cultivation and harvesting stage. This study proposes the use of, beside conventional acid sulphuric, different organic acids (tartaric, oxalic and citric) during acid pretreatment step, to suppress the unwanted compounds formation and improve bioethanol production. Instead, bioethanol production generates a solid waste flow that is managed in an anaerobic digestion plant, obtaining biogas, to be converted into energy, and digestate, considered as a potential biofertiliser. Life cycle assessment methodology is used to analyse the environmental profiles of four valorisation scenarios to produce bioethanol from banana peel waste. According to the results, reported per kilogram of bioethanol, the citric acid-based scenario has the worst environmental profile due to the background processes involved in the acid production (around 55% for most impact categories). Conversely, the oxalic acid-based scenario has the best environmental profile, with a decrease of around 20% and 35%, depending on the impact category, compared to the citric acid scenario. The energy requirements production (mostly thermal energy) is the main hotspot in numerous subsystems regardless of the scenario (ranging from 30% to 50% depending on the impact category). Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources to satisfy energy requirements combined with an energy optimisation of the valorisation strategies through the reuse of some internal steams, is proposed as improvement activities.Impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) ability is a core feature of psychotic disorders that challenges psychosis treatment. We aimed to explore the effect of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention (MBI) on ToM ability in a randomized clinical trial (RCT). A sample of 36 participants diagnosed with psychotic disorder were recruited from a community center and randomly allocated to Integrated Rehabilitation Treatment (IRT) or IRT+MBI. ToM skills were assessed through the Hinting Test and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). IRT+MBI scored higher in RMET than IRT at posttreatment. MBI is a promising tool for improving ToM ability in psychosis.There is a paucity of research on the role of COVID-19 related fear and lockdown on social anxiety disorder (SAD). In a follow-up study during post-lockdown period, we compared social anxiety of individuals with SAD who received cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) versus psychoeducational-supportive therapy (PST) before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact of COVID-19 related fear. Social anxiety severity was rated by the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and post-lockdown periods. Fear of COVID-19 was assessed during the post-lockdown period. The treatment effects in the CBT group (n = 33) were significantly better than the PST group (n = 32) at post-intervention; this was maintained at 14-months following intervention despite COVID-related lockdown. In the PST group, there was no change following the intervention; and the social phobia increased after lockdown. The CBT group had significantly less COVID-19 related fear than the PST group. Social anxiety was positively correlated with fear of COVID-19; and individuals with comorbidities had significantly more fear. Using the hierarchical multiple regression, SPIN post-intervention, COVID-19 fear, and duration of SAD predicted social anxiety severity during the post-lockdown period. CID1067700 In conclusion, the effect of CBT for SAD was maintained through lockdown and was associated with significantly less COVID-19 related fear.Bone is a dynamic and tough connective tissue that undergoes constant remodeling throughout life. Bone-forming osteoblasts respond to various hormones, cytokines, and growth factors, and synthesize extracellular matrix components. Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), a bone transcription factor, is essential for ossification by stimulating the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes, including type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. Coactivators, such as p300, CBP (CREB-binding protein), and PCAF (p300/CBP associated factor) tightly regulate osteoblast differentiation via Runx2. There is growing evidence indicating the role of p300, which possesses histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, in regulating histones and transcription factors such as Runx2 during osteoblast differentiation. In this review, we aim to delineate the role of p300 at the molecular level, emphasizing the importance of its HAT activity during osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, this review intends to highlight the regulation of p300 at multiple levels, including post-translational and ncRNAs, that might exert an indirect influence on bone formation.
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