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In situ thermal recovery is utilized extensively for unconventional bitumen extraction in the Cold Lake-Beaver River (CLBR) basin in Alberta, Canada. Public health concerns have been raised over potable groundwater contamination and arsenic release adjacent to these operations within the CLBR basin, which have been linked to subsurface heating of aquifer sediments. Under localized heated conditions, As-bearing aquifer sediments have been shown to undergo water-rock interactions and release constituents at near neutral pH conditions; however, release mechanisms have yet to be conclusively reported. To investigate the hydrogeochemical processes of aquifer heating and solute transport in detail, this study applies a novel heated column design to mimic saturated aquifer materials in contact with a thermal recovery well while constraining flow and geochemical conditions. Two column experiment scenarios were considered using 1) quartz [SiO2] sand with 0.6 wt% pyrite [FeS2]; and 2) aquifer sediments collected from the CLBR region. Heated temperature gradients between 50 °C and 90 °C were maintained within a 0.6 m section of the 3 m column with a flow rate of one pore volume per week. During heated low oxygen ( less then 3 mg L-1) conditions, results generally show increases in pH, Al, As, B, Mn, Mo, Si and Zn concentrations within and downgradient of the column heating section. Constituent release is primarily attributed to thermal desorption from Fe oxides, clay and silicate mineral dissolution, competitive anion exchange, and increased mixing. Overall results suggest that these mechanisms are responsible for increasing constituent concentrations in groundwater adjacent to in situ thermal recovery operations.
This study aims to investigate the effects of tea extracts on biofilm formation by oral streptococci and the potential mechanisms behind the effects.

We examined the effects of five types of tea extracts (green, oolong, black, pu-erh and chrysanthemum tea) on cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation of three different streptococcal species (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mitis) and evaluated their biofilm formation on four disparate hard surfaces (glass, stainless steel, hydroxyapatite and titanium). The correlation between biofilm formation and the cellular properties were investigated in order to study the mechanisms by which the tea extracts affect biofilm formation.

Results show that the tea extracts reduced cell surface hydrophobicity (by up to 57.9 %) and, in some cases, altered cellular auto-aggregation (by up to 12 %) and biofilm formation (by up to 2.61 log CFU cm
). Specifically, oolong tea extract was found to enhance biofilm formation by increasing cellular auto-aggregation and pu-erh tea extract retarded biofilm formation by increasing auto-aggregation. Biofilm formation correlated well to cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation in combination, but not to either one alone as determined by multiple linear regression analysis.

Tea extracts have the ability to modulate streptococcal biofilm formation by altering cell surface hydrophobicity and cellular aggregation.
Tea extracts have the ability to modulate streptococcal biofilm formation by altering cell surface hydrophobicity and cellular aggregation.The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive review of the use of antimicrobial peptides for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. The study included publications in the English language that addressed the use of antimicrobial peptides in the prevention and treatment of caries. Selleck Elexacaftor These publications were also searchable on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, the Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides and the Antimicrobial Peptide Database. A total of 3,436 publications were identified, and 67 publications were included. Eight publications reported seven natural human antimicrobial peptides as bactericidal to Streptococcus mutans. Fifty-nine publications reported 43 synthetic antimicrobial peptides developed to mimic natural antimicrobial peptides, fusing peptides with functional sequences and implementing new designs. The 43 synthetic antimicrobial peptides were effective against Streptococcus mutans, and nine peptides specifically targeted Streptococcus mutans. Ten antimicrobial peptides had an affinity for hydroxyapatite to prevent bacterial adhesion. Six antimicrobial peptides were also antifungal. Four antimicrobial peptides promoted remineralisation or prevented the demineralisation of teeth by binding calcium to hydroxyapatite. In conclusion, this study identified 67 works in the literature that reported seven natural and 43 synthetic antimicrobial peptides for the prevention and treatment of caries. Most of the antimicrobial peptides were bactericidal, and some prevented bacterial adhesion. A few antimicrobial peptides displayed remineralising properties with hydroxyapatite.The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the resulting lockdown measures have raised concerns regarding their effect on alcohol consumption. We investigated alcohol use during lockdown in a population of college students, usually characterized by social and heavy drinking. We also tested the predictive role of pre-lockdown drinking motives on alcohol consumption during lockdown. We collected data from 1951 French-speaking Belgian students during the lockdown period (April 1st - May 3rd, 2020) through a cross-sectional online survey. Participants self-reported their daily alcohol consumption (1) during a typical week in normal circumstances (i.e., before lockdown), and (2) since lockdown onset. We also assessed drinking motives and severity of alcohol use before lockdown. Our findings showed that 68.2% of the sample reported a lower alcohol consumption during lockdown compared to before lockdown, 17.2% conversely reporting a higher consumption. Enhancement, social and coping motives were all associated with heavy drinking before lockdown. Enhancement and social motives predicted lower alcohol consumption during lockdown among heavy drinkers. Conversely, coping motives, as well as social motives among low drinkers, predicted higher consumption during lockdown. Conformity motives, as well as enhancement motives among low and moderate drinkers, did not predict alcohol consumption before or during lockdown. Overall, several pre-lockdown drinking motives reliably predicted alcohol consumption during lockdown and could thus be used to identify at-risk populations and to tailor intervention programs on alcohol misuse during sanitary crises.
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