Notes

Relieve chromatin extracellular draws in by phagocytes involving Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (LINNAEUS, 1758).
Studies on bladder cancer in Sri Lanka have shown varying results in relation to clinicopathological characteristics and data on outcomes is limited. This study was aimed to describe the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of histologically confirmed urothelial bladder malignancies and to compare with previous studies.

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of 314 newly diagnosed primary bladder malignancies between January-2007 and January-2017, was performed. After excluding the non-urothelial cancers, 289(92%) urothelial cancers (males=245, 84.8%, mean age = 65.4±SD10.9 years) were analysed. Data on clinical presentation, cystoscopic findings, histopathology and outcomes were studied.

The majority (87.9%, n=254) presented with haematuria with a median duration of symptoms of 1 month. Non-muscle invasive cancers were seen among 64.4% (pTan=87(30.1%),pT1n=99(34.3%)). The pT1 high grade (pT1-HG) tumours were seen in 17.5%. Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) were seen in 35.6%(n=103). The majority were high grade tumours (n=156,54%). Urothelial MIBC were significantly associated with solid tumours (p<0.001), high grade (p<0.001) and size>3cm (p<0.001). Comparison with previous studies showed a decline in the proportion of MIBC while the pT1-HG tumours are on the rise. Of those followed up, 52.5% developed recurrences with a median duration of 4 months (interquartile range (IQR) 3-12 months). Eighteen (9%) progressed to a higher stage with a median duration of 17 months (IQR3.75-41.75).

Urothelial cancer in the study population was 92%. Higher proportion of MIBC, high grade tumours and pT1-HG tumours were noted. The recurrence rate was high. Future studies should focus on the causative factors for this trend.
Urothelial cancer in the study population was 92%. Higher proportion of MIBC, high grade tumours and pT1-HG tumours were noted. The recurrence rate was high. Future studies should focus on the causative factors for this trend.
Steroid hydroxylase deficiency due to CYP21A2 gene mutation is the most common cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Mutation spectrum in Sri Lankan CAH patients has not been investigated adequately.

This study attempted to study the spectrum of mutations in CYP21A2 gene in 30 patients with salt wasting form of CAH in Sri Lanka.

Allele specific polymerase chain reaction was carried out using mutation site specific primers for eight mutations (P30L, I2G, 8bp deletion, I172N, E6 cluster, V281L, Q318X and R356W) reported as frequently occurring in other populations.

Fourteen patients had homozygous mutations; six patients were compound heterozygotes as determined by investigating parents of the patients, one patient had a large gene deletion which was previously reported and the remaining patients had at least one heterozygous mutation. The following allele frequencies were observed for each mutation P30L-10%, I2G- 40%, 8bp-18.33%, I172N-3.33%, E6 cluster- 5%, Q318X-40% and R356W-3.33%. V281L mutation was not observed in the study cohort. DNA sequencing revealed a novel mutation G292S in one patient.

This is the first report describing a broad spectrum of mutations in CYP21A2 gene in Sri Lankan patients with CAH. Mutation frequencies did not vary from other ethnic groups reported around the world.
This is the first report describing a broad spectrum of mutations in CYP21A2 gene in Sri Lankan patients with CAH. Mutation frequencies did not vary from other ethnic groups reported around the world.
Poor sleep quality have been reported among adults in most countries and are increasingly been reported in their predecessors, the college students. The present study aimed to assess sleep patterns and determine its association with various correlates amongst college students for effective and timely interventions in the habit-forming years of the life.

This was a cross sectional study done among college students enrolled in different courses, in Rishikesh municipal corporation area, in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand, India. Sleep Quality was assessed using a validated Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which has seven components while Perceived Stress Scale-10 assessed Stress.

Poor sleep quality was reported among 66% of respondents. Mean sleep latency among respondents was 27.2 minutes (SD 20.75 min), with a median and mode of 20 minutes and 60 minutes respectively.On logistic regression analysis, yoga/ meditation, which have been recognized as effective relaxation techniques since ages, were found to have a positive association with better sleep quality (OR 0.47, 95% CI (0.26 - 0.84). Stress (OR 4.10, 95% CI 1.71- 9.83) and mobile use before bedtime (OR 1.956, 95% CI 1.02- 3.75) were also significant predictors of poor sleep quality.

The prevalence of poor sleep quality was quite high. Relaxation techniques such as yoga/ meditation and stress relieving workshops may pay rich dividends. Use of electronic devices before bedtime need to be restricted for better sleep quality.
The prevalence of poor sleep quality was quite high. Relaxation techniques such as yoga/ meditation and stress relieving workshops may pay rich dividends. Use of electronic devices before bedtime need to be restricted for better sleep quality.
The majority of Sri Lankan Moors fast during Ramadan. This may have an effect on their glycaemic control and anthropometric parameters. However, limited information exists about the impact of Ramadan fasting on diabetes in Sri Lanka.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting on glycaemic control and anthropometric parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients were also observed for symptoms of hypoglycaemia, timing and association with different antidiabetic agents.

One hundred and twenty Sri Lankan Moors with T2DM were recruited for this study. Biochemical investigations and anthropometric parameters were done before and after Ramadan fasting. The statistical analysis was done with paired t test to compare glycaemic control and anthropometric parameters before and after Ramadan.

There was a significant decrease in body weight (mean body weight 66.17 to 65.52 kg; p= < 0.001) and waist circumference (93.84 to 92.16cm; p= < 0.001). However, the glycaemic control worsened in all patients during Ramadan with rise in mean fructosamine value of 354.1 to 996.9µmol/L. Out of 104 participants 43 participants experienced symptoms of hypoglycaemia.

The current study showed an improvement in the body weight and waist circumference during Ramadan fasting, however the glycaemic control has been worsened. More follow-up studies are warranted in order to draw a conclusion on the effect of Ramadan fasting in glycaemic control and anthropometric parameters in diabetes patients.
The current study showed an improvement in the body weight and waist circumference during Ramadan fasting, however the glycaemic control has been worsened. More follow-up studies are warranted in order to draw a conclusion on the effect of Ramadan fasting in glycaemic control and anthropometric parameters in diabetes patients.Lockdowns and social distancing have been important and successful strategies to limit the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus. However, excess deaths related to non-COVID-19 causes have been reported, suggesting issues around availability and use of health services, particularly for people with conditions needing ongoing medical support. In addition, evidence indicates that a range of age-related diseases and frailty are impacted by physical activity and social engagement, both limited in lockdown situations. It is therefore important to learn from the effects of lockdowns in order to limit any impacts, while still protecting people from the infection. This editorial summarizes two research themes at the Centre for Ageing Research at Lancaster University in the UK, one assessing impacts of lockdown for people living with a long-term neurodegenerative condition, Parkinson's disease, and one assessing longitudinal impacts on frailty and wellbeing, with older adults aged over 70, including those living with at least one long-term condition. Uncertainty related to Parkinson's disease and to COVID-19 amplified each other, and cancelled clinical appointments and limitations on physical activity had very significant impacts on wellbeing for this group. In the longitudinal study, frailty was more severe during lockdown periods. While lockdowns reduce spread of the virus, becoming frailer could make older adults more vulnerable to the effects of the virus during these periods. Regular exercise during lockdown had beneficial effects aiding recovery once restrictions relaxed. These studies suggest factors that could lessen negative impacts of future lockdowns. Maintaining physical activity and providing access to health services during periods of lockdown are suggested as priorities.3D printing of fiber-reinforced composites is expected to be the forefront technology for the next-generation high-strength, high-toughness, and lightweight structural materials. CDK inhibitor review The intrinsic architecture of 3D-printed composites closely represents biomimetic micro/macrofibril-like hierarchical structure composed of intermediate filament assembly among the micron-sized reinforcing fibers, and thus contributes to a novel mechanism to simultaneously improve mechanical properties and structural features. Notably, it is found that an interfacial heterogeneity between numerous inner interfaces in the hierarchical structure enables an exceptional increase in the toughness of composites. The strong interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrix, with accompanying the inherently weak interfacial adhesion between intermediate filaments and the resultant interfacial voids, provide a close representation of the toughness behavior of natural architectures relying on the localized heterogeneity. Given the critical embedment length of fiber reinforcement, extraordinary improvement has been attained not only in the strength but also in toughness taking advantage of the synergy effect from the aforementioned nature-inspired features. Indeed, the addition of a small amount of short fiber to the brittle bio-filaments results in a noticeable increase of more than 200% in the tensile strength and modulus with further elongation increment. This article highlights the inherent structural hierarchy of 3D-printed composites and the relevant sophisticated mechanism for anomalous mechanical reinforcement.Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), which are more than 200 nucleotides in length and with limited protein-coding potential, play vital roles in the pathogenesis, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis of cancers. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been detected in various carcinomas and may be correlated with oncogenesis by affecting related genes expression. Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported on long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 460 (LINC00460) in human tumor fields. LINC00460 is upregulated in diverse cancer tissues and cells. The upregulated expression level of LINC00460 is correlated with larger tumor size, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, lymph node metastasis, and shorter overall survival. The regulatory mechanism of LINC00460 was complex and diverse. LINC00460 could act as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), directly bind with proteins or regulate multiple pathways, which affected tumor progression. Moreover, LINC00460 was also identified to increase drug resistance, and therefore, weaken the effectiveness of tumor treatment.
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