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Belly microbiota modifications in reaction to rest duration between African-origin adults.
rates of Arctic warming, and the very large attendant thermal variation.The slower adsorption of lower molecular weight organic molecules remains poorly understood. This study investigated the adsorption kinetics of gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA) on kaolinite (Kao), montmorillonite (Mon) and hematite (Hem), with an emphasis on the role of the bound water on the minerals. The lower adsorption of TA and GA on Kao than on Mon attributed to the lower specific surface area of Kao. Because of the electrostatic attraction, the adsorption of TA and GA on Hem was higher than that on Mon, even the specific surface area of the former was much lower than that of the later. The adsorption rates of TA on the three minerals were generally two orders of magnitude higher than those of GA. The adsorption kinetics of GA was strongly diffusion dependent; however, the diffusion process had limited influence on TA adsorption kinetics. The decreased c values of the intraparticle diffusion model of GA with increasing ionic strength provided additional direct evidence for the diffusion-dependent adsorption and the reduced hindrance by bound water via hydration layer compression. However, hydration layer compression had no effect on TA adsorption kinetics. The reduced 1H NMR relaxation rate of bound water indicated that the bound water quantity on minerals decreased with increasing ionic strength, which proved the occurrence of hydration layer compression. check details This study highlighted the importance of bound water and the relative sizes of organic molecules in the adsorption kinetics of organic compounds on minerals, which should be carefully considered for their environmental fate studies.Standardised microalgal toxicity assays are usually carried out with single-species cultures; however, multispecies bioassays are more faithful to environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of the emerging pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) in single- and multispecies bioassays with three marine microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis gaditana) using an equivalent initial cell biovolume of each species. After conducting preliminary growth experiments on these microalgae, a BPA concentration of 1 mg L-1 was chosen to study the effects of this pollutant in uni- and multialgal cultures. Growth, cell viability, oxidative stress, and inherent cell properties (size, complexity and autofluorescence) were determined by flow cytometry after 24 h of exposure. Results showed that P. tricornutum was the most affected species in all analysed biomarkers in both single- and multispecies bioassays. However, in N. gaditana cultures no significant differences were observed in any of the parameters and conditions tested, indicating that this species was the least sensitive to BPA. Between the uni- and multialgal tests, significant differences were observed in controls and BPA treated cultures of P. tricornutum and T. suecica. Nevertheless, it seemed that the cells of these marine microalgae suffered a similar pattern of alterations in both toxicity tests.Field application of animal manure is a source of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emission that contribute to air pollution and odor nuisance in local surroundings. In this study the non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and H2S emission and odor activity dynamics over time after field application of pig and cattle manure were investigated. Furthermore, three different application techniques, trailing hoses, trailing shoes, and trailing hoses applying manure 20 cm above canopy, was compared. With a flexible system combining dynamic chambers and Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy (PTR-TOF-MS), H2S and 22 different NMVOC were measured, identified, and quantified. From pig manure high amounts of H2S was measured right after application, resulting in high odor activity values (OAV). During the first 10 h 4-methylphenol accounted for most of the cumulative emissions and OAV. Carboxylic acids were emitted for a longer period, and accounted for most of the long-term emissions and OAV. Acetic acid alone accounted for 33-57% of the total cumulative emissions. Trailing shoes were found to reduce NMVOC emission under certain conditions. It is suggested to use updated ratios from this study to calculate NMVOC emissions relative to ammonia emissions. The average ratios of cumulated NMVOC emission divided by cumulated ammonia emission 90 h after application of pig manure is 1.15±0.55 and 0.72±0.26 for trailing hoses and trailing shoes respectively, whereas the equivalent numbers for cattle manure is 0.43±0.11 and 0.18±0.04.Determining the relationship between plant functional traits and the environment are key for the protection and sustainable utilization of riparian wetlands. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, riparian wetlands are divided into seasonal floodplain wetlands (natural) and pond-like wetlands or paddy fields (artificial). Here, species composition differences were catalogued based on plant functional traits including origin, life history, and wetland affinity in natural and artificial wetlands. Wetland physicochemical characteristics and regional socio-economic parameters collected as indicators of environmental variables were used to analyze the plant functional trait-environment relationship. The results reveal that plant functional traits in the seasonal floodplain wetland are impacted by physicochemical characteristics of habitat. The abundance of annual plants tends to decrease with concentration of heavy metals, while species diversity is mainly determined by soil physical and chemical properties, especially soil pH and temperature. Specifically, wetland-obligate species (not in water) are more resistant to heavy metal content in water than species with other types of wetland affinity. Life history strategies of species in artificial sites tend to be significantly associated with animal husbandry and artificial populations, while the wetland affinity of species is mainly determined by regional agriculture, especially the installation of agricultural covered areas. Furthermore, water quality and nutrients in suspended sediments from the Yellow River affected species diversity and life history strategies by affecting water and soil conditions of surrounding wetlands, especially conductivity and phosphorus levels.In this work permaleic acid (PMA) was investigated as possible disinfecting agent and compared to peracetic acid (PAA) in real tap water and wastewater. Preliminary tests in lysogeny broth (LB) were also performed. PMA was synthesized from maleic anhydride and hydrogen peroxide and, for the first time, its antimicrobial activity was evaluated with respect to the growth inhibition of E. coli. The effect of the pH and bivalent ions, typically occurring in real water matrices (namely, Mg2+ and Ca2+), was also investigated. pKa values for PMA were calculated for the first time by DFT calculations. The concentration of bivalent ions strongly affected disinfection efficiency with PMA (Ca2+=0.33 mgL-1 and Mg2+=0.35 mgL-1 100% E. coli reduction > log 5; Ca2+=13.3 mg L-1 and Mg2+=25.6 mg L-1 E. coli reduction log 5 E.coli reduction; pH = 9 less then log 1 E.coli reduction, after 60 min). PMA disinfection efficiency is strongly affected by the target water quality, the concentration of metal bivalent ions and the initial pH.
Microplastics have been widely detected in the environment and marine organisms. However, few studies have investigated the presence of microplastics in humans. This preliminary study identified and quantified the microplastic content in human feces.

A total of 26 young male students aged 18-25years were recruited from Beijing, China. A self-administered 7-day 24-h fluid intake record was used to document fluid intake, and food intake was recorded for 3days. Feces were collected by participants using a sterile fecal collector. Microplastics in the remaining fecal residues were measured and identified using fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy.

Eventually, twenty-four participants completed the study. The fecal samples of 23 (95.8%) participants tested positive for microplastics. In these 23 samples, the abundance of microplastics varied from 1 particle/g to 36 particles/g (size 20 to 800μm). The summed mass of all microplastic particles per participant ranged from 0.01 to 14.6mg. Qualitative analysis of the microplastics indicated the presence of one to eight types of microplastics in each sample, with polypropylene (PP) being the most abundant; it was found in 95.8% of fecal samples. We examined associations between water intake habits and the abundance of microplastics in their feces. A moderate correlation was observed between packaged water and beverage intake and microplastic abundance in feces (r = 0.445, P = 0.029).

Various types of microplastics were detected in human feces, with PP being found in the highest proportion. There may be an association between water intake habits and microplastic abundance in feces.
Various types of microplastics were detected in human feces, with PP being found in the highest proportion. There may be an association between water intake habits and microplastic abundance in feces.Organosulfates (OSs) are recognized as important secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in recent years. Due to their amphipathy and light absorptive capacity, OSs may potentially impact climate. Moreover, OSs can serve as molecular tracers for precursors and multiple processes leading to the generation of SOA. However, studies on OSs are lacking in the polar regions which limits our understanding of both their formation pathways and impacts on the polar environment. Here we present the first investigation into OSs in both the Arctic and Antarctic. Organic compounds in aerosol samples collected from the polar regions during the 2013/2014 Chinese National Arctic/Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) coupled with negative ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI(-)). Hundreds to thousands of OSs were detected at the polar sampling sites. The estimated total concentrations of OSs were in the range of 46-670 ng/m3 in the Arctic sampling area, and 47-260 ng/m3 in the Antarctic sampling area, accounting for 1-16% of total OM. OSs were found to have undergone a high degree of oxidation in the aerosol samples, which might be due to the combined effects of enhanced photo-oxidation in summertime or continuous oxidation during transport to the polar region. The potential appointment of OS precursors highlights the important role of long-range air-mass transport on the OSs derived from biogenic precursors and a notably large contribution from anthropogenic emissions, suggesting that human activities have significant impacts in remote polar environments. The results of this study provide important insights into the characteristics of OSs in the polar atmosphere. However, the need for further research focusing on the quantification, formation mechanisms and impacts of OSs on climate is emphasized.
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