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Economic growth, essential oil means, along with enviromentally friendly wreckage in crisis economic depression: to travel lower inside fire flames.
Cold stress restricts peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth, development, and yield. However, the specific mechanism of cold tolerance in peanut remains unknown. Here, the comparative physiological, transcriptomic, and lipidomic analyses of cold tolerant variety NH5 and cold sensitive variety FH18 at different time points of cold stress were conducted to fill this gap. Transcriptomic analysis revealed lipid metabolism including membrane lipid and fatty acid metabolism may be a significant contributor in peanut cold tolerance, and 59 cold-tolerant genes involved in lipid metabolism were identified. Lipidomic data corroborated the importance of membrane lipid remodeling and fatty acid unsaturation. It indicated that photosynthetic damage, resulted from the alteration in fluidity and integrity of photosynthetic membranes under cold stress, were mainly caused by markedly decreased monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) levels and could be relieved by increased digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) levels. The upregulation of phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP1) and phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase (CDS1) inhibited the excessive accumulation of PA, thus may prevent the peroxidation of membrane lipids. In addition, fatty acid elongation and fatty acid β-oxidation were also worth further studied in peanut cold tolerance. Finally, we constructed a metabolic model for the regulatory mechanism of peanut cold tolerance, in which the advanced lipid metabolism system plays a central role. This study lays the foundation for deeply analyzing the molecular mechanism and realizing the genetic improvement of peanut cold tolerance.Forest trees can increase our understanding of how evolutionary processes drive the genomic landscape and understand speciation due to the majority of forest trees being distributed widely and able to adapt to different climates and environments. Populus davidiana and Populus tremula are among the most geographically widespread and ecologically important tree species in Northern Hemisphere. Whole-genome resequencing data of 41 individuals of P. davidiana and P. tremula throughout Eurasia was conducted, finding that genetic differentiation was evident between the two species, the FST values between P. davidiana and P. tremula was 0.3625. The ancestors of the two aspen diverged into P. davidiana and P. tremula species approximately 3.60 million years ago (Mya), which was in accordance with the rapid uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. The two species experienced a considerable long-term bottleneck after divergence, with population expansion beginning approximately 20,000 years ago after the end of the last glacial maximum. Although the majority of regions of genomic differentiation between the two species can be explained by neutral evolutionary processes, some outlier regions have also been tested that are significantly influenced by natural selection. We found that the highly differentiated regions of the two species exhibited significant positive selection characteristics, and also identified long-term balancing selection in the poorly differentiated regions in both species. Our results provide strong support for a role of linked selection in generating the heterogeneous genomic landscape of differentiation between P. davidiana and P. tremula. These results provide the detailed and comprehensive genomic insights into genetic diversity, demography, genetic burden, and adaptation in P. davidiana and P. tremula.Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for all living organisms but can lead to cytotoxicity when present in excess. Fe toxicity often occurs in rice grown in submerged paddy fields with low pH, leading dramatical increases in ferrous ion concentration, disrupting cell homeostasis and impairing growth and yield. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of Fe toxicity response and tolerance in plants are not well characterized yet. Microarray and genome-wide association analyses have shown that rice employs four defense systems to regulate Fe homeostasis under Fe excess. In defense 1, Fe excess tolerance is implemented by Fe exclusion as a result of suppression of genes involved in Fe uptake and translocation such as OsIRT1, OsYSL2, OsTOM1, OsYSL15, OsNRAMP1, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, OsNAAT1, OsDMAS1, and OsIRO2. The Fe-binding ubiquitin ligase, HRZ, is a key regulator that represses Fe uptake genes in response to Fe excess in rice. In defense 2, rice retains Fe in the root system rather than transporting it to shoots. In defense 3, rice compartmentalizes Fe in the shoot. Gefitinib chemical structure In defense 2 and 3, the vacuolar Fe transporter OsVIT2, Fe storage protein ferritin, and the nicotinamine synthase OsNAS3 mediate the isolation or detoxification of excess Fe. In defense 4, rice detoxifies the ROS produced within the plant body in response to excess Fe. Some OsWRKY transcription factors, S-nitrosoglutathione-reductase variants, p450-family proteins, and OsNAC4, 5, and 6 are implicated in defense 4. These knowledge will facilitate the breeding of tolerant crops with increased productivity in low-pH, Fe-excess soils.Many of the recessive virus-resistance genes in plants encode eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), including eIF4E, eIF4G, and related proteins. Notably, eIF4E and its isoform eIF(iso)4E are pivotal for viral infection and act as recessive resistance genes against various potyviruses in a wide range of plants. In this study, we used Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated targeted mutagenesis to test whether novel sequence-specific mutations at eIF4E1 in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cv. Micro-Tom could confer enhanced resistance to potyviruses. This approach produced heritable homozygous mutations in the transgene-free E1 generation. Sequence analysis of eIF4E1 from E0 transgenic plants expressing Cas9 and eIF4E-sgRNA transcripts identified chimeric deletions ranging from 11 to 43 bp. Genotype analysis of the eIF4E1-edited lines in E0, E1, and E2 transgenic tomato plants showed that the mutations were transmitted to subsequent generations. When homozygous mutant lines were tested for resistance to potyviruses, they exhibited no resistance to tobacco etch virus (TEV). Notably, however, several mutant lines showed no accumulation of viral particles upon infection with pepper mottle virus (PepMoV). These results indicate that site-specific mutation of tomato eIF4E1 successfully conferred enhanced resistance to PepMoV. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 approach to accelerate breeding for trait improvement in tomato plants.Flavonoids impart color and mouthfeel to grapes and wine and are very sensitive to environmental conditions. Growth chamber experiments were performed to investigate the effect of temperature regimes and the differences between day/night temperatures on anthocyanins and flavonols in Merlot grapes. Among the regimes tested, the ones with diurnal 20°C determined the highest levels of anthocyanins and flavonols. Higher diurnal temperatures decreased those levels but increased the proportion of methoxylated and acylated species. When regimes with the same day temperature but different night temperatures were compared, differences between day/night temperatures did not affect anthocyanins, unless a difference of 25°C between day and night temperatures was imposed. When regimes with the same night temperature but different day temperatures were compared, the regime with higher day temperature had a lower anthocyanin level. No relationships were observed between the effects of temperature regimes on anthocyanin level and the expression of key anthocyanin genes. However, the effects on anthocyanin acylation level were consistent with the effects on the acyltransferase expression, and the effects on flavonol level were consistent with the effects on the expression of key flavonol genes. This study indicates that, in Merlot grapes, anthocyanins and flavonols are mostly sensitive to day temperatures.In wheat breeding, improved quality traits, including grain quality and dough rheological properties, have long been a critical goal. To understand the genetic basis of key quality traits of wheat, two single-locus and five multi-locus GWAS models were performed for six grain quality traits and three dough rheological properties based on 19, 254 SNPs in 267 bread wheat accessions. As a result, 299 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) within 105 regions were identified to be associated with these quality traits in four environments. Of which, 40 core QTN regions were stably detected in at least three environments, 19 of which were novel. Compared with the previous studies, these novel QTN regions explained smaller phenotypic variation, which verified the advantages of the multi-locus GWAS models in detecting important small effect QTNs associated with complex traits. After characterization of the function and expression in-depth, 67 core candidate genes involved in protein/sugar synthesis, histone modification and the regulation of transcription factor were observed to be associated with the formation of grain quality, which showed that multi-level regulations influenced wheat grain quality. Finally, a preliminary network of gene regulation that may affect wheat quality formation was inferred. This study verified the power and reliability of multi-locus GWAS methods in wheat quality trait research, and increased the understanding of wheat quality formation mechanisms. The detected QTN regions and candidate genes in this study could be further used for gene cloning and marker-assisted selection in high-quality breeding of bread wheat.In plants, sugar transporters play an important role in the allocation of sugars from cells in source organs to cells in sink organs. Hence, an understanding of the molecular basis and regulation of assimilate partitioning by sugar transporters is essential. Leaves are the main source of photosynthetic products. In jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), the mechanisms regulating initial sugar unloading in leaves are still unclear. In this study, an expression profiling analysis showed that ZjSWEET2.2, encoding a sugar transporter in the SWEET family, is highly expressed in leaves. Over-expression of ZjSWEET2.2 increased carbon fixation in photosynthetic organs. Our analyses showed that ZjSWEET2.2 encodes a plasma membrane-localized sugar transporter protein. Its expression levels were found to be suppressed under drought stress and by high concentrations of exogenous sugars, but increased by low concentrations of exogenous sugars. Finally, DNA sequence analyses revealed several cis-elements related to sugar signaling in the promoter of ZjSWEET2.2. Together, these results suggest that ZjSWEET2.2 functions to mediate photosynthesis by exporting sugars from photosynthetic cells in the leaves, and its gene expression is regulated by sugar signals.Polyploidies produce a large number of duplicated regions and genes in genomes, which have a long-term impact and stimulate genetic innovation. The high similarity between homeologous chromosomes, forming different subgenomes, or homologous regions after genome repatterning, may permit illegitimate DNA recombination. Here, based on gene colinearity, we aligned the (sub)genomes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD genotype) and its relatives, including Triticum urartu (AA), Aegilops tauschii (DD), and T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (AABB) to detect the homeologous (paralogous or orthologous) colinear genes within and between (sub)genomes. Besides, we inferred more ancient paralogous regions produced by a much ancient grass-common tetraploidization. By comparing the sequence similarity between paralogous and orthologous genes, we assumed abnormality in the topology of constructed gene trees, which could be explained by gene conversion as a result of illegitimate recombination. We found large numbers of inferred converted genes (>2,000 gene pairs) suggested long-lasting genome instability of the hexaploid plant, and preferential donor roles by DD genes.
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