Notes

The topic matters: interaction among types of stress and anxiety, Attention deficit disorder signs, math efficiency, and reading and writing overall performance.
Thermodynamics has a clear arrow of time, characterized by the irreversible approach to equilibrium. This stands in contrast to the laws of microscopic theories, which are invariant under time-reversal. Foundational discussions of this "problem of irreversibility" often focus on historical considerations, and do therefore not take results of modern physical research on this topic into account. In this article, I will close this gap by studying the implications of dynamical density functional theory (DDFT), a central method of modern nonequilibrium statistical mechanics not previously considered in philosophy of physics, for this debate. For this purpose, the philosophical discussion of irreversibility is structured into five problems, concerned with the source of irreversibility in thermodynamics, the definition of equilibrium and entropy, the justification of coarse-graining, the approach to equilibrium and the arrow of time. For each of these problems, it is shown that DDFT provides novel insights that are of importance for both physicists and philosophers of physics.The increasing preponderance of opinion that some natural phenomena can be explained mathematically has inspired a search for a viable account of distinctively mathematical explanation. Among the desiderata for an adequate account is that it should solve the problem of directionality -the reversals of distinctively mathematical explanations should not count as members among the explanatory fold but any solution must also avoid the exclusion of genuine explanations. In what follows, I introduce and defend what I refer to as a quasi-erotetic solution which provides a remedy to the problem in the form of an additional necessary condition on explanation.Fitness contribution alone should not be the criterion of 'function' in molecular biology and genomics. Disagreement over the use of 'function' in molecular biology and genomics is still with us, almost eight years after publicity surrounding the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements project claimed that 80.4% of the human genome comprises "functional elements". Recent approaches attempt to resolve or reformulate this debate by redefining genomic 'function' in terms of current fitness contribution. In its favour, this redefinition for the genomic context is in apparent conformity with predominant experimental practices, especially in biomedical research, and with ascription of function by selective maintenance. We argue against approaches of this kind, however, on the grounds that they could be seen as non-Darwinian, and fail to properly account for the diversity of non-adaptive processes involved in the origin and maintenance of genomic complexity. We examine cases of molecular and organismal complexity that arise neutrally, showing how purifying selection maintains non-adaptive genomic complexity. Rather than lumping different sorts of genomic complexity together by defining 'function' as fitness contribution, we argue that it is best to separate the heterogeneous contributions of preaptation, exaptation and adaptation to the historical processes of origin and maintenance for complex features.In cases of animal mimicry, the receiver of the signal learns the truth that he is either dealing with the real thing or with a mimic. Thus, despite being a prototypical example of animal deception, mimicry does not seem to qualify as deception on the traditional definition, since the receiver is not actually misled. We offer a new account of propositional content in sender-receiver games that explains how the receiver is misled (and deceived) by mimicry. We show that previous accounts of deception, and of propositional content, give incorrect results about whether certain signals are deceptive.Despite remarkable efforts, it remains notoriously difficult to equip quantum theory with a coherent ontology. Hence, Healey (2017, 12) has recently suggested that "quantum theory has no physical ontology and states no facts about physical objects or events", and Fuchs et al. (2014, 752) similarly hold that "quantum mechanics itself does not deal directly with the objective world". While intriguing, these positions either raise the question of how talk of 'physical reality' can even remain meaningful, or they must ultimately embrace a hidden variables-view, in tension with their original project. I here offer a neo-Kantian alternative. In particular, I will show how constitutive elements in the sense of Reichenbach (1920) and Friedman (1999, 2001) can be identified within quantum theory, through considerations of symmetries that allow the constitution of a 'quantum reality', without invoking any notion of a radically mind-independent reality. The resulting conception will inherit elements from pragmatist and 'QBist' approaches, but also differ from them in crucial respects. Furthermore, going beyond the Friedmanian program, I will show how non-fundamental and approximate symmetries can be relevant for identifying constitutive principles.For a long time, the accepted explanatory model of language acquisition was the so-called Principles and Parameters framework (P&P). P&P seemingly provides an elegant answer to the central puzzle of generative linguistics How do children acquire their native language given the limited time and input resources available to them? Yet P&P tells a story that is evolutionarily implausible, and for this reason it has since been abandoned. I argue that this is an unwarranted move, and that it could and should be avoided by reassessing the epistemic status of P&P. In particular, I argue that contrary to extant accounts, P&P ought to be retrospectively construed as a highly idealized (toy) model of language acquisition. The proposed reinterpretation is vindicated, I argue, insofar as it paves the way for a reconciliation of the two central explanatory challenges of modern generative linguistics.Activation of the fibrinolytic system plays a central role in the host response to trauma. There is significant heterogeneity in the degree of fibrinolysis activation at baseline that is usually assessed by whole blood thromboelastography (TEG). Few studies have focused on plasma markers of fibrinolysis that could add novel insights into the frequency and mechanisms of fibrinolytic activation in trauma. Global fibrinolysis in plasma was assessed using a modified euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) assay in 171 major trauma patients and compared to commonly assessed analytes of fibrinolysis. The median ECLT in trauma patients was significantly shorter at 8.5 h (IQR, 1.3-19.5) compared to 19.9 h (9.8-22.6) in healthy controls (p less then 0.0001). ECLT values ≤2.5th percentile of the reference range were present in 83 (48.5%) of trauma patients, suggesting increased fibrinolytic activation. Shortened ECLT values were associated with elevated plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes and free tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels in plasma. Sixteen (9.2%) individuals met the primary outcome for massive transfusion, here defined as the critical administration threshold (CAT) of 3 units of packed red cells in any 60-minute period within the first 24 h. In a univariate screen, plasma biomarkers associated with CAT included D-dimer (p less then 0.001), PAP (p less then 0.05), free tPA (p less then 0.05) and ECLT (p less then 0.05). We conclude that fibrinolytic activation, measured by ECLT, is present in a high proportion of trauma patients at presentation. The shortened ECLT is partially driven by high tPA levels and is associated with high levels of circulating PAP complexes. Further studies are needed to determine whether ECLT is an independent predictor of trauma outcomes.
Administrative data is useful in population-based studies in hemophilia, but few studies validated the coding accuracy.

We validated the accuracy of a case definition using a combination of International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes and coagulation factor level for identifying hemophilia in administrative data.

This is a retrospective population-based study of all residents of Alberta, Canada, who underwent testing for coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX) activity between 2009 and 2017 using linked administrative data. Our predefined algorithm was a combination of the relevant ICD codes and FVIII/FIX activity <0.4IU/ml. Medical charts of 2114 randomly selected patients tested for FVIII and 528 patients tested for FIX were reviewed to identify physician diagnoses of hemophilia. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.

With our algorithm, 72 (3.4%) patients tested for FVIII and 21 (4.0%) tested for FIX met the combined ICD code and laboratory criteria for hemophilia A and hemophilia B, respectively, whereas 63 (3.0%) and 22 (4.2%) had confirmed hemophilia A and hemophilia B upon chart review. Our algorithm had a sensitivity of 93.7% and specificity of 99.4% for identifying hemophilia A, and a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 99.8% for identifying hemophilia B.

This study showed that using a case definition of ICD codes and coagulation factor activities can identify hemophilia in administrative data with very high accuracy and can be used for future research.
This study showed that using a case definition of ICD codes and coagulation factor activities can identify hemophilia in administrative data with very high accuracy and can be used for future research.Illicit drug profiling (i.e. chemical and/or physical profiling) to compare and relate illicit drugs samples has been actively used in routine case work at the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in Finland. This preliminary and exploratory work reviews NBI's illicit drug profiling practices. Relacorilant Particular emphasis is put on communication of forensic results and how the NBI has promoted the use of forensic data in an intelligence perspective by establishing a case coordination service. Moreover, our study evaluates the comprehension, integration and usefulness of illicit drug profiling from end users' point of view by means of an online survey and face-to-face interviews. Findings are compared with theoretical aspects as described in literature. Results show that in the Finnish context illicit drug profiling is used and useful in the investigation and in court. From end users' perspective, real practical relevance relies in its use as intelligence during the investigation. However, to be truly useful, illicit drug profiling results must be communicated promptly during the investigation, with sufficient clarity and interpreted correctly by end users. Factors influencing the integration of illicit drug profiling in the forensic process are addressed.Behavioural change is the modification or transformation of behaviour. Health behaviour has been defined as, 'any activity undertaken for the purpose of preventing or detecting disease or for improving health and wellbeing' (Bennell et al., 2019 [1]). For a smoker it is acting on the decision to stop or reduce the number of cigarettes smoked, for someone with a higher than ideal body mass index, it is acting to reduce weight and for someone who isn't achieving ideal levels of exercise (Briggs et al., 2020 [2]) it is the decision and action to increase metabolic activity. With increased understanding of the importance of self-management and impact of lifestyle, clinicians supporting people presenting with musculoskeletal symptoms have recognized that behavioural change is an essential component of the care we need to prioritize. It is about sharing the benefits of lifestyle choices that promote health, discussing how to introduce and maintain them, and supporting people through their journey of change, so the change becomes the new normal.
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