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Increase Proton Exchange during a Novel Tertiary α-Ketol Rearrangement throughout Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase: A Water-Mediated, Metal-Catalyzed, Base-Induced System.
Regular exercising has many health benefits and is rightly seen as positive, socially acceptable behavior. However, for the same reason, there is a high risk that patients and clinicians may overlook the danger of exercise addiction that causes harm in the somatic, emotional and interpersonal spheres. The current state of knowledge did not allow the inclusion of exercise addiction as a specific category in the current classifications ICD-10, ICD-11 and DSM-5. However, this disorder meets the general criteria for addiction and is therefore included in the canon of behavioral addiction. The purpose of the article is to present knowledge that will help in recognizing and understanding the physiological and psychological mechanisms associated with addiction to physical exercise and will introduce available methods of psychotherapy. The article is of areview nature and presents terminology, recognition criteria, epidemiological data, mechanisms of developing addiction, the most popular tools helpful in screening diagnosis or self-diagnosis and risk factors of developing exercise addiction. The authors also took into account the specific location of exercise addiction in the context of other mental disorders, controversies, inconsistencies in research results, and gaps in scientific data related to the discussed phenomenon. The summary proposes further research development pathways.According to theWorld Health Organization (WHO), 4.3% of the global population exhibits symptoms of depression. In Poland, 1.5 million people suffer from this illness. Treatment of depression generates significant costs calculated in billions of zlotys. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/etomoxir-na-salt.html According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Problems, depression is characterized by reduced mood, reduced psychomotor drive, loss of interest (axial symptoms), as well as low self-esteem, pessimistic attitude, weakness of concentration, sleep disorders, and loss of appetite (additional symptoms). The aim of this research was to review and evaluate studies on the impact of sport climbing as a complementary form of treatment on reducing depressive symptoms. This is the first literature review undertaking a collective assessment of studies on this subject. The appropriate studies were selected in a three-stage process. PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases were searched. Finally, 4 studies were qualified for the review and then assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool developed by Bristol Medical School Population Health Sciences. Analysis of the research gives grounds to consider introducing an additional form of treatment for depression in the form of boulder climbing. The evaluation according to the QUADAS - 2 questionnaire indicates a low possibility of making mistakes in all assessed works.
Assessment of the selected aspects of memory in Polish patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the associations between memory and clinical course, neurological status, mood, fatigue, and employment status.

The initial five learning trials of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), the initial three learning trials of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised (BVMT-R), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale were administered to 100 MS patients and 150 healthy participants (HP).

The MS group performed worse than the HP group on both the CVLT and the BVMT-R. The lowest scores were obtained by secondary progressive MS patients. There were significant differences between the MS and HP group on fatigue and depression, but not anxiety. Multivariate analysis showed worse neurological status was the only clinical predictor of memory disturbances. CVLT scores were significantly associated with employment status.

Memory impairment occurs in patients with MS and affects employment status. Depressive symptoms, anxiety and fatigue, unlike neurological status, were not directly related to memory status.
Memory impairment occurs in patients with MS and affects employment status. Depressive symptoms, anxiety and fatigue, unlike neurological status, were not directly related to memory status.
This study presents the Polish version of the Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2 GST2PL) and describes the scale's psychometric properties (reliability and validity). The scale is mainly intended for research of older people.

A total of 685 (female =464, male =221) older adults (60-85 years) participated in the study. The following psychological methods were used Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2 authored by L. Tornstam, Psychological Well-Being scale by C. Ryff, and the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale by J.D. Webster.

An exploratory factor analysis of the Polish version of the GST2 revealed the same three-factor structure of gerotranscendence (containing the dimensions of the Cosmic, the Coherence, and the Solitude) as had been reported by Tornstam. The GST2-PLconsists of 10 items, including 8 diagnostic ones. The factor structure of the GST2-PLwas confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis.

These findings provide support for use of the GST2 in assessing the signs of gerotranscendence not only for older adults in Sweden, Japan, USA, and Taiwan but also for older adults in Poland.
These findings provide support for use of the GST2 in assessing the signs of gerotranscendence not only for older adults in Sweden, Japan, USA, and Taiwan but also for older adults in Poland.
Trauma disclosure is one of the key concepts of the social-interpersonal model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to present the Polish adaptation of the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire (DTQ).

The study was conducted among 120 participants (51 females and 69 males) aged 18-58 years (M = 34.52; SD = 9.95). The reliability of the DTQ was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients. The validity of the DTQ compared to the scores acquired with the PTSD Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5 (PDS-5), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis.

The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87 for reluctance to talk subscale, 0.74 for urge to talk subscale, 0.85 for emotional reactions subscale, and 0.85 for the total DTQ questionnaire score. The intraclass correlation coefficients were high 0.83 for reluctance to talk, 0.71 for urge to talk, 0.77 for emotional reactions, and 0.76 for the total DTQ questionnaire score. The factorial structure of the DTQ was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The DTQ subscale scores correlated positively with the severity of PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms, as well as the lack of social acknowledgement, as expected.

The observed empirical results confirmed the satisfactory psychometric properties of the DTQ. This inventory may be useful for a broader understanding of how trauma disclosure is related to the social context of dealing with traumatic events.
The observed empirical results confirmed the satisfactory psychometric properties of the DTQ. This inventory may be useful for a broader understanding of how trauma disclosure is related to the social context of dealing with traumatic events.
The purpose of the present study was to validate the Polish version of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 (IGD-20) Test that is consistent with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.

A total of 652 game players took part in the validation study. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to check the scale structure. Questionnaires measuring symptoms of psychopathology and desire thinking were used to estimate construct validity of the IGD-20. The analysis also considered the game genres most frequently chosen by players.

Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a5-factor structure of the Polish version of IGD-20 questionnaire, which is consistent with previous findings in other language versions. Fit indices were evaluated collectively, indicating that the model has agood fit χ2(142)=690.059; p <0.001; RMSEA=0.077 (90% CI 0.071-0.083); CFI =0.950; TLI=0.940; SMRR =0.053. Internal consistency is high (McDonald's ω =0.93). Analysis also showed significant correlations between problem gaming, symptoms of psychopathology, and desire thinking. Participants reported that they spent the least amount of time playing educational games, compared to other game genres; the frequency of educational games selection negatively correlated with the intensity of problematic gaming symptoms.

The validation study of the Polish version of the IGD-20 questionnaire has confirmed the good psychometric properties of the tool and its internal structure. Further research should focus on examination of gender differences and psychometric properties in the clinical sample of players.
The validation study of the Polish version of the IGD-20 questionnaire has confirmed the good psychometric properties of the tool and its internal structure. Further research should focus on examination of gender differences and psychometric properties in the clinical sample of players.
The aim of the research was to determine the reliability, factor structure, as well as validity of the Mentalization Scale (MentS) - a self-report measure of mentalization.

Two groups of subjects were examined. The first group (N = 202) consisted of students from Poznan universities; the other group (N = 229) consisted of individuals employed in various positions, with different education levels. The following measures were used Mentalization Questionnaire, the Borderline Personality Inventory, the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised, the short version of the International Personality Item Pool NEO Personality Inventory, short version of Empathy Quotient and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire.

Reliability analysis showed high internal consistency of all three MentS subscales, and the factor analysis supports the three-factor structure of the questionnaire. Mentalization as measured by MentS was positively linked with mentalization-related constructs empathy and emotional intelligence. Obtained relations between mentalization and attachment dimensions, borderline features and personality traits as well as observed gender differences also support the validity of the MentS.

The verification of the hypotheses formulated in the present study has led to the conclusion that the Polish version of the Mentalization Scale (MentS) - a new measure of mentalization - has high psychometric value and may be used for brief yet multifaceted measurement of mentalization.
The verification of the hypotheses formulated in the present study has led to the conclusion that the Polish version of the Mentalization Scale (MentS) - a new measure of mentalization - has high psychometric value and may be used for brief yet multifaceted measurement of mentalization.
The issue of specific cognitive deficits in psychopathy is still open for debate. Much evidencepoints to problems with affective empathy. The current study aims to verify the hypothesis about the correlation between psychopathic traits, difficulties in complex affect expression recognition and making moral decisions without taking into account the aspect of potential harm.

58 males were studied (student and inmate groups). Psychopathy was assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). Recognition of complex emotional expressions was assessed with the Faces subset of the Emotional Intelligence Scale and moral inclinations to avoid harm ("deontological") and maximize consequences ("utilitarian") were measured via the process dissociation method.

Inmates generally showed deficiencies in correct expression recognition, for both positive and negative stimuli. Inmates with high psychopathy additionally showed high rate of false positive perceptions of negative emotions. High psychopathy inmates showed lower, than low psychopathy inmates and students, inclination to avoid harm.
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