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The quantification of neutrophils in blood is done to primarily screen the patients with acute infections. On the other hand, the neutrophils have also shown the antimicrobial activity by allowing the host cells to perform the primary function of preventing the wounds from being infected. The aim of this study was to quantify the blood neutrophil count in patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis and to compare with the healthy controls in order to assess the protective role of neutrophils in periodontal inflammation.

A total of 30 subjects in the age group of 30-55 years were selected. Based on the clinical examination, the subjects were divided into three groups Group I (healthy), Group II (chronic gingivitis) and Group III (chronic periodontitis). The clinical parameters such as modified gingival index (MGI) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Epigenetic inhibitor cell line Two millilitres of venous blood was collected from each participant in all the groups and the differential neutrophil counts were obtained using the Neubauer's chamber under a light microscope. One way ANOVA test was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation for MGI, CAL and blood neutrophil count among various groups.

The mean neutrophil counts in the various study groups were 63.300, 64.100 and 60.800 in Group I, Group II and Group III, respectively. Though there was a decrease in the mean neutrophil count from Group II to Group III, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.

In our study, there was no significant increase in neutrophil count in chronic periodontitis as compared to healthy controls, thereby explaining the protective role of neutrophils in periodontal inflammation.
In our study, there was no significant increase in neutrophil count in chronic periodontitis as compared to healthy controls, thereby explaining the protective role of neutrophils in periodontal inflammation.
Oral health literacy (OHL) is a relatively unexplored construct in the Indian context. link2 Most of the few previous studies estimating OHL among different populations of India used instruments that were either previously validated in a different country or not tested for psychometric properties. With this background, the objective of this study was to develop an Indian oral health literacy measure and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument among Telugu speaking population of Andhra Pradesh (IOHLM-T).

The initial version of the instrument after evaluated for face and content validity was tested for psychometric properties among 200 adult patients visiting the outpatient department of SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences. Predictive validity of the instrument was checked by the association between IOHLM-T score and oral health impact profile (OHIP-14), decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) scores. Convergent validity was tested by assessing the correlation between IOHLM-T score and rapid estimateages and evaluation of psychometric properties.
Temperature rise on external root surface has a deleterious effect on the periodontium.

To compare and evaluate the temperature changes on the external root surfaces using three different heated gutta-percha obturation techniques and also to evaluate the effect of remaining dentin thickness (RDT) on the temperature rise during obturation.

In vitro study with a customized temperature measurement setup.

Thirty decoronated human maxillary central incisors were cleaned and shaped using standardized method. RDT was measured using cone beam computed tomography. They were divided into three groups of 10 samples each. Group 1 was obturated by traditional warm vertical compaction, Group 2 using solid core obturation, and Group 3 by warm vertical compaction technique using GP heater in vibration mode. AH Plus sealer was used as cement sealer. During obturation, the temperature rise was measured using K-type thermocouples in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. The highest temperature rise during the procedure was recorded.

Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's test.

Traditional warm vertical compaction had the highest temperature change followed by warm vertical compaction using GP heater in vibration mode and solid core obturation.

There was a temperature rise on external root surfaces in the three techniques evaluated. Solid core obturation technique showed the least temperature change. There was no significance in the effect of RDT on temperature rise during obturation.
There was a temperature rise on external root surfaces in the three techniques evaluated. Solid core obturation technique showed the least temperature change. There was no significance in the effect of RDT on temperature rise during obturation.
Tobacco cessation interventions provided in a dental office or hospital settings are beneficial in helping patients to quit tobacco. Regular monitoring of these interventions is required to assess their success rate and factors hindering its improvement. This study evaluated cessation services provided through a Tobacco Cessation Clinic (TCC) established in a government teaching dental hospital in Delhi, India.

Patients visiting the TCC from April 2016 to March 2018 were contacted to participate in this study. All the willing participants were administered a structured questionnaire telephonically or in person. link3 The questionnaire focused on gathering information on patients' current tobacco use status, feedback on intervention provided at TCC and reasons for missing TCC appointments. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed to assess the effect of socio-demographic factors, nicotine dependence and interventions at TCC on current tobacco use status of participants.

Of the 309 participants, 60 (19.4%) reported complete tobacco abstinence and 78 (22.3%) reduced consumption by more than half from their first visit to TCC. Most of the participants (81.5%) were satisfied with the tobacco cessation interventions provided at the TCC. Multivariate analysis shows that odds of quitting were higher in participants with low tobacco dependence (OR 3.03, CI 0.98,9.35) and those who were satisfied with counselling method at TCC (OR 8.8, CI 2.05, 38.35).

Interventions provided at our TCC were found beneficial by the study participants to reduce tobacco consumption or achieve total tobacco abstinence. A timely reminder can be provided to increase patients' compliance.
Interventions provided at our TCC were found beneficial by the study participants to reduce tobacco consumption or achieve total tobacco abstinence. A timely reminder can be provided to increase patients' compliance.
Bacterial elimination from the root canal system is considered as an essential factor for a successful endodontic treatment.

To investigate both in vitro and in vivo efficacy of calcium hydroxide paste (CH) combined with 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) at various time intervals on Enterococcus faecalis (E.f) when used as an intracanal medicament (ICM).

For the in vitro study, 45 single-rooted teeth were used. After instrumentation, roots were infected with E.f and then divided into three groups (gps) (15 n/gp) according to the time interval for the medicament to be left inside the canal (1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks). ICM used was 2% CHX combined with CH (CH + CHX). At the end of each time interval, the antibacterial effect was evaluated using the agar diffusion test. For the in vivo study, 45 single-rooted teeth were selected. After sterilisation and access opening, the first pre-treatment sample was taken, then after instrumentation second post-instrumentation sample was obtained. Later, teeth were divided into 3 gps (15 n/gp) (1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks) according to the time interval for the medicament to be left inside the canal. ICM used was 2% CH + CHX. After each period, the third post-medication sample was taken. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Both in vitro and in vivo studies have found that 2% of CH + CHX had a significant antibacterial effect for 1 week and 2 weeks. However, the antibacterial effect was significantly decreased after 3 weeks.

CH + CHX can be used successfully for the reduction of E.f for 14 days when used as ICM.
CH + CHX can be used successfully for the reduction of E.f for 14 days when used as ICM.
Periodontal infections are an important risk factor for systemic disease and are driven primarily by the cytokines. Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a key cytokine which mediates acute and chronic inflammation alongside, a molecular link between chronic inflammation and immune mediated conditions. Hence, the present study was carried to measure the serum MIF levels in periodontal health, disease and to correlate the levels with the clinical parameters.

Sixty subjects were divided into three groups (each group n = 20) based on the gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) as group I healthy; group II gingivitis; and group III chronic periodontitis. The serum MIF level was measured using quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique.

Highest level was detected in Group III with a mean of 71.8 ng/ml and the lowest in group I (6.1 ng/ml). Serum MIF levels did not correlate with the clinical parameters.

Increased serum MIF levels in chronic periodontitis patients suggest its role as an inflammatory biomarker and may have a role in inflating the systemic inflammation. Summary Serum Migration inhibitory factor can be used as an inflammatory marker for periodontal disease.
Increased serum MIF levels in chronic periodontitis patients suggest its role as an inflammatory biomarker and may have a role in inflating the systemic inflammation. Summary Serum Migration inhibitory factor can be used as an inflammatory marker for periodontal disease.
To evaluate the association of oral health literacy (OHL) with oral health behavior and oral health outcomes among dental patients in Hyderabad City.

Cross-sectional study among dental patients.

A convenience sample of 605 adults >18 years of age visiting the out-patient Department of Public Health Dentistry of Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, were recruited. The five-item scale developed by Ishikawa was used to measure communication and critical OHL. Socioeconomic status was assessed using Modified Kuppuswamy's scale and questions for oral health behavior included frequency of toothbrushing, frequency of dental visit, and reason for visit. Dentition status, periodontal status, and loss of attachment were recorded according to World Health Organisation Survey methods.

Frequency distribution was done and association between the variables and predictors (oral health behavior and oral health status) of OHL was calculated using odds ratio.

The mean age of the study population was 31.5 + 11.2 years. None of the individuals' questions of OHL questionnaire had 50% response of strongly agree or agree. The oral health parameters of decayed and filled teeth emerged as a significant predictor for model 1 (adjusted by sex and age) and model 2 (adjusted by sex, age, and social class). Likewise, toothbrushing frequency was significantly associated with low OHL.

This study shows a high prevalence of low OHL in the study population, with decayed teeth and filled teeth and oral health behavior like toothbrushing only once as a significant predictor for low OHL.
This study shows a high prevalence of low OHL in the study population, with decayed teeth and filled teeth and oral health behavior like toothbrushing only once as a significant predictor for low OHL.
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