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The qualitative study retailer experiences using Philadelphia's syrupy beverage taxes.
Recent empirical research has shown that improving socio-emotional skills such as grit, conscientiousness and self-control leads to higher academic achievement and better life outcomes. However, both theoretical and empirical works have raised concerns about the reliability of the different methods used to measure socio-emotional skills. We compared the reliability and validity of the three leading measurements methods-a student-reported questionnaire, a teacher-reported questionnaire, and a behavioral task-in a sample of 3997 French students. Before analyzing the data, we polled 114 international researchers in cognitive development and education economics; most researchers in both fields predicted that the behavioral task would be the best method. We found instead that the teacher questionnaire was more predictive of students' behavioral outcomes and of their grade progression, while the behavioral task was the least predictive. This work suggests that researchers may not be using optimal tools to measure socio-emotional skills in children.Developing an efficient and quality remote sensing (RS) technology using volume and efficient modelling in different aircraft RS images is challenging. Generative models serve as a natural and convenient simulation method. Because aircraft types belong to the fine class under the rough class, the issue of feature entanglement may occur while modelling multiple aircraft classes. Our solution to this issue was a novel first-generation realistic aircraft type simulation system (ATSS-1) based on the RS images. It realised fine modelling of the seven aircraft types based on a real scene by establishing an adaptive weighted conditional attention generative adversarial network and joint geospatial embedding (GE) network. An adaptive weighted conditional batch normalisation attention block solved the subclass entanglement by reassigning the intra-class-wise characteristic responses. Subsequently, an asymmetric residual self-attention module was developed by establishing a remote region asymmetric relationship for mining the finer potential spatial representation. The mapping relationship between the input RS scene and the potential space of the generated samples was explored through the GE network construction that used the selected prior distribution z, as an intermediate representation. A public RS dataset (OPT-Aircraft_V1.0) and two public datasets (MNIST and Fashion-MNIST) were used for simulation model testing. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of ATSS-1, promoting further development of realistic automatic RS simulation.Closed reduction and internal fixation with three cannulated compression screws is a common method for treating femoral neck fractures in young and middle-aged patients. Protocols including the inverted triangle configuration and dispersion of the screws still needed further supports. The purpose of this study was to explore a novel oblique triangle configuration (OTC) of three screws in fixing femoral neck fractures based on the morphology of the femoral neck isthmus (FNI). The computer-aided design modules were used to explore the ideal spatial configuration with largest triangle by three parallel screws. A univariate evaluation model was established based on the oval-like cross-section of the FNI. When the three screws were positioned by the OTC, Inverted Equilateral Triangle Configuration (IETC), and the Maximum Area Inverted Isosceles Triangle Configuration (MA-IITC) respectively, the proportion of area and circumference in the cross-section of FNI and the changing trend of proportion were compared under various torsion angles, eccentricity, and cross-sectional area of FNI. The area and circumference ratios of the parallel screws using the OTC method were significantly higher than in the IETC and MA-IITC groups. In the univariate evaluation model, the OTC area ratio and circumference ratio remained stable under the different femoral neck torsion angles, FNI cross-sectional area, and eccentricity. The OTC method provided an ideal spatial configuration for the FNA fixation with the largest area using three parallel screws. The position of the posterior screw was also away from the metaphyseal artery, potentially reducing the possibility of vascular injury and screw penetrating.The acoustic wave equation describes wave propagation directly from basic physical laws, even in heterogeneous acoustic media. When numerically simulating waves with the wave equation, contrasts in the medium parameters automatically generate all scattering effects. For some applications - such as propagation analysis or certain wave-equation based imaging techniques - it is desirable to suppress these reflections, as we are only interested in the transmitted wave-field. To achieve this, a modification to the constitutive relations is proposed, yielding an extra term that suppresses waves with reference to a preferred direction. The scale-factor [Formula see text] of this extra term can either be interpreted as a penetration depth or as a typical decay time. This modified theory is implemented using a staggered-grid, time-domain finite difference scheme, where the acoustic Poynting-vector is used to estimate the local propagation direction of the wave-field. The method was successfully used to suppress reflections in media with bone tissue (medical ultrasound) and geophysical subsurface structures, while introducing only minor perturbations to the transmitted wave-field and a small increase in computation time.The electrical double layer (EDL) formed at the interface between various materials and an electrolyte has been studied for a long time. In particular, the EDL formed at metal/electrolyte interfaces is central in electrochemistry, with a plethora of applications ranging from corrosion to batteries to sensors. The discovery of highly conductive conjugated polymers has opened a new area of electronics, involving solution-based or solution-interfaced devices, and in particular in bioelectronics, namely for use in deep-brain stimulation electrodes and devices to measure and condition cells activity, as these materials offer new opportunities to interface cells and living tissues. Here, it is shown that the potential associated to the double layer formed at the interface between either metals or conducting polymers and electrolytes is modified by the application of an electric field along the conductive substrate. The EDL acts as a transducer of the electric field applied to the conductive substrate. This observation has profound implications in the modelling and operation of devices relying on interfaces between conductive materials (metals and conjugated polymers) and electrolytes, which encompasses various application fields ranging from medicine to electronics.Acetogenic bacteria are capable of fermenting CO2 and carbon monoxide containing waste-gases into a range of platform chemicals and fuels. Despite major advances in genetic engineering and improving these biocatalysts, several important physiological functions remain elusive. Among these is quorum sensing, a bacterial communication mechanism known to coordinate gene expression in response to cell population density. Two putative agr systems have been identified in the genome of Clostridium autoethanogenum suggesting bacterial communication via autoinducing signal molecules. Signal molecule-encoding agrD1 and agrD2 genes were targeted for in-frame deletion. During heterotrophic growth on fructose as a carbon and energy source, single deletions of either gene did not produce an observable phenotype. However, when both genes were simultaneously inactivated, final product concentrations in the double mutant shifted to a 1.51 ratio of ethanolacetate, compared to a 0.21 ratio observed in the wild type control, making ethanol the dominant fermentation product. Selleck Calcium folinate Moreover, CO2 re-assimilation was also notably reduced in both hetero- and autotrophic growth conditions. These findings were supported through comparative proteomics, which showed lower expression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase A and hydrogenases in the ∆agrD1∆agrD2 double mutant, but higher levels of putative alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and bacterial micro-compartment proteins. These findings suggest that Agr quorum sensing, and by inference, cell density play a role in carbon resource management and use of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway as an electron sink.The schweinfurthin family of natural compounds exhibit a unique and potent differential cytotoxicity against a number of cancer cell lines and may reduce tumor growth in vivo. In some cell lines, such as SF-295 glioma cells, schweinfurthins elicit cytotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations. However, other cell lines, like A549 lung cancer cells, are resistant to schweinfurthin treatment up to micromolar concentrations. At this time, the precise mechanism of action and target for these compounds is unknown. Here, we employ RNA sequencing of cells treated with 50 nM schweinfurthin analog TTI-3066 for 6 and 24 h to elucidate potential mechanisms and pathways which may contribute to schweinfurthin sensitivity and resistance. The data was analyzed via an interaction model to observe differential behaviors between sensitive SF-295 and resistant A549 cell lines. We show that metabolic and stress-response pathways were differentially regulated in the sensitive SF-295 cell line as compared with the resistant A549 cell line. In contrast, A549 cell had significant alterations in response genes involved in translation and protein metabolism. Overall, there was a significant interaction effect for translational proteins, RNA metabolism, protein metabolism, and metabolic genes. Members of the Hedgehog pathway were differentially regulated in the resistant A549 cell line at both early and late time points, suggesting a potential mechanism of resistance. Indeed, when cotreated with the Smoothened inhibitor cyclopamine, A549 cells became more sensitive to schweinfurthin treatment. This study therefore identifies a key interplay with the Hedgehog pathway that modulates sensitivity to the schweinfurthin class of compounds.Blood feeding and host-seeking behaviors of a mosquito play an imperative role in determining its vectorial capacity in transmitting pathogens. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding blood feeding behavior of Anopheles species in Malaysia. Collection of resting Anopheles mosquitoes for blood meal analysis poses a great challenge especially for forest dwelling mosquitoes. Therefore, a laboratory-based study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of mosquitoes caught using human landing catch (HLC) for blood meal analysis, and subsequently to document blood feeding behavior of local Anopheles mosquitoes in Peninsular Malaysia. The laboratory-based experiment from this study revealed that mosquitoes caught using HLC had the potential to be used for blood meal analysis. Besides HLC, mosquitoes were also collected using manual aspirator and Mosquito Magnet. Overall, 47.4% of 321 field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to six species were positive for vertebrate host DNA in their blood meal. The most frequent blood meal source was human (45.9%) followed by wild boar (27.4%), dog (15.3%) and monkey (7.5%). Interestingly, only Anopheles cracens and Anopheles introlatus (Leucosphyrus Group) fed on monkey. This study further confirmed that members of the Leucosphyrus Group are the predominant vectors for knowlesi malaria transmission in Peninsular Malaysia mainly due to their simio-anthropophagic feeding behavior.
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