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[Arterial pathology in migraine headaches: endothelial problems and architectural modifications in your brain along with endemic vasculature].
Micro (nano)plastics (MNPs) have become emerging environmental contaminants, yet their toxicity and systemic effects via intranasal exposure remain unclear. NVP-ADW742 in vivo This study investigated the in vitro toxicity of thirteen polystyrene MNPs with different surface functionalization (carboxylic (C-PS), amino (A-PS), and bare (PS)) and sizes (20-2000 nm) on human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) at 10-1250 μg/mL as well as their in vivo toxicity to rats via intranasal administration at 125 μg/mL. The in vitro study showed that PS20, PS50, A-PS50, PS500, and A-PS500 significantly inhibited cell viability, which was dependent on particle concentration. A-PS induced higher cytotoxicity than C-PS and PS, and most MNPs inhibited cell proliferation after 24-h. Flow cytometry analysis suggested that PS induced cell apoptosis, while A-PS caused cell necrosis. MNPs were phagocytosed by HNEpCs and entered nucleus. The in vivo study showed that MNPs inhibited dietary behaviors of rats. Histological analysis indicated that PS20, PS200, and A-PS50 thinned out nasal mucosa. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that exposure to PS20, PS200, and A-PS50 enhanced expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8). Systemic effects including hepatocyte cytoplasmic vacuolation and renal tubule dilatation were observed. The results suggested that nasal inhalation of MNPs may disturb energy metabolism and damage upper respiratory tract, liver, and kidneys.Nowadays, developing environmentally friendly catalysts with both low cost and high efficiency was still a challenge in actual organic wastewater purification. Herein, the Fe-N-C catalyst was successfully immobilized on solid waste derived ceramsite for efficient degradation of phenol under continuous flow conditions by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). After the introduction of ceramsite, the microstructure of Fe-N-C catalyst was changed from granular structure to worm-like structure, promoting the dispersion of the nanoscale catalyst and providing more reactive sites. Therefore, the phenol removal rate and mineralization rate of the obtained 0.5FNNC within 30 min were up to 96.79% and 71.79%, respectively. In addition, the degradation rate of the optimal composite (0.5FNNC)/PMS system was about 4.06 times higher than that of bare Fe-N-C/PMS system. Intriguingly, the Fe ion leaching from 0.5FNNC during the degradation reaction was significantly lower than bare Fe-N-C owing to the strong catalyst-support chemical bonding. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance, quenching experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and electrochemical analysis, it was indicated that the non-radical processes (1O2 and high valent iron-oxo species) should be responsible for the phenol degradation. Meanwhile, the possible phenol degradation pathways were proposed, and the intermediates were evaluated for ecotoxicity by ECOSAR. Finally, a preliminary economic analysis of this process was carried out. Overall, this work would provide a new strategy for the construction of ceramsite based multi-pore composite catalysts and the large-scale application of persulfate oxidation technology in organic wastewater treatment.In recent years, due to the intensification of human activities, water ecological problems are gradually increasing. As the third largest freshwater lake in China, Lake Taihu is an important drinking water source for several densely populated cities in China. The prominent water ecological problem in this area is mainly Cyanobacteria Bloom. Cyanobacterial blooms have been erupting which have affected local residents' drinking water and caused losses to the national economy. Based on the interpretation results of MODIS data in the Lake Taihu region from 2004 to 2014, this paper analyzes the main driving factors of cyanobacterial bloom are phosphorus and potassium through the correlation analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and cyanobacteria area, normalizes nutrient, and identifies that the water level of Lake Taihu is the influencing factor of cyanobacterial bloom. A Lake Taihu cyanobacteria bloom hazard function is constructed to quantitatively assess the losses (economic losses) caused by cyanobacterial blooms from 2001 to 2012, supporting for cyanobacteria control management in Lake Taihu.In order to obtain an adsorbent-photocatalyst with low-cost, strong stability and great reusability/recyclability, a waste-based and CdS-loaded hierarchically porous geopolymer (HPG) was prepared by facile synthesis. The adsorption-photocatalysis ability, reusability, and stability of HPG under different conditions were determined. Results indicated that HPG showed better adsorption-photocatalysis performance for organic dyes under alkaline environment, and it remained a high adsorption-photocatalysis efficiency after used for five times. Furthermore, HPG was stable in different environment conditions (strong acidic, acid raining, neutral, high salinity, and high alkali environment). The mass loss of HPG were around 3.22-6.68% (7 days extraction), and the immobilization rates of Cd2+ in neutral, high salinity, and high alkali environments were higher than 99.99%. Under visible light irradiation, HPG effectively photo-degraded the organic substances in overlying water of polluted sediments. After 330 min irradiation, the concentrations of COD and TOC were decreased from 47.52 mg/L and 20.9 mg/L to 16.58 mg/L and 11.19 mg/L, respectively. The humic-like and fulvic-like substances were transformed to protein-like substances under photo-degradation effect. This study confirmed that HPG possesses advantages in cost, chemical stability, and reusability, and it has a great potential to be used as in-situ remediation environmental functional material for organic contaminants in lake.There exists an increase of review articles of pollutant sorption on soils due to the relevance of this process in environmental fate. However, this information is not used to make environmental decisions. We conduct a scoping review to identify and categorize the state-of-the-art of pesticide sorption (organic pollutant model) and decision-making studies in 2015-2020 using databases (Web of Science, Scopus and ScieLo) to detect potential gaps and create a framework that guide the connection between scientific evidence and its institutionalization. We detect research gaps (inside sorption or decision-making studies) and evidence gaps (between sorption and decision-making) from literature based on five categories to describe sorption (sorbate-sorbent system, system variables to study the sorption process, objectives pursued by authors, experimental approaches to study the sorption process, and quantification of sorption) and four topics for regulatory contexts (sponsor contextualization, descriptive information, environmentally relevant issues and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)). The gaps included (i) unrelated study designs, (ii) unreliable causal mechanisms, (iii) unrelated SDGs, (iv) lack of collaboration, (v) lack of representativeness, (vi) lack of knowledge, (vii) lack of relevant studies, and (vii) unknown causal extrapolation. Our framework connected the gaps with relevant environmental issues and common research topics on sorption studies, including suggested solutions and inclusion of lacking SDG in literature. The framework can assist the science-policy interaction, promoting cooperation for different study designs, pollutant-soil systems, and socio-environmental applications, such as environmental fate and management, risk assessment, monitoring, remediation, and local regulations.Oil-based drilling cuttings (OBDC) are hazardous wastes produced during the extensive use of oil-based drilling mud in oil and gas exploration and development. They have strong mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects and need to be properly disposed of to avoid damaging the natural environment. This paper reviews the recent research progress on the regional distribution, properties, treatment technologies, and resource utilization of OBDC. The advantages and disadvantages of different technologies for removing petroleum pollutants from OBDC were comprehensively analyzed, and required future developments in treatment technologies were proposed.Milk vetch (MV, Astragalus sinicus L.) is used in agricultural production as a green manure; however, its impact on accumulation levels of heavy metals (e.g., Cd) in rice remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of MV on Cd accumulation in rice, iron plaque formation, soil properties, and the soil microbial community structure through field experiments. The results showed that MV reduced Cd concentration in the roots, stem, leaves, and grains by 33%, 60%, 71%, and 49%, respectively. Chemical fertilizer and MV treatment promoted iron plaque formation, and MV considerably increased the Fe/Mn ratio in the iron plaque. More importantly, MV inhibited Cd transportation from the root iron plaque to the root by 74%. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Cd, available phosphorus, and available potassium, as well as the cation exchange capacity and urease activity, were significantly reduced in the MV treatment. Furthermore, 16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing results of the soil microbial community structure showed that compared with the control, MV increased the soil microbial richness, increased the relative abundance of anaerobic microorganisms, and significantly increased the relative abundance of Thermodesulfovibrio and Geobacter at the genus level. The increase in anaerobic microbial abundance was closely related to the decrease in CaCl2-extractable Cd concentration. The application of MV promoted the formation of iron plaque, inhibited the transport of Cd, increased the abundance of anaerobic microorganisms, decreased the CaCl2-extractable Cd concentration, and reduced the Cd concentration in rice grain.Controversy exists to quantify the fate and speciation of Arsenic (As). We investigated its characteristics by As-containing algae in various pH hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) system, specifically via two classical methods, i.e. the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and Wenzel's method. Solid residue immobilized 11.23-16.55% of As, and 88.07-82.44% was in aqueous by the pH regulators (e.g., CH3COOH, HCl, and KOH). ICP-MS and XRD analysis revealed that As (V) was converted into As (III) and As (0) in the solid residue, while the As (V) was mainly converted into As (III) in the aqueous phase during HTL. When the classified forms of As in solid residue are compared, Wenzel's method was more appropriate for dividing the bio-availability forms of As, whereas BCR was better for estimating the toxic-potential forms of As. Subsequently, pH regulators raised the risk of As in solid residue associated with the increasing of unstable forms. The amide was hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid with acidic additives, which weakened the reducing environment in the HTL process. In contrast, the amide was hydrolyzed to ammonia with the alkaline additives, which enhanced the reducing environment and increased the risk of As in products. This work provided a new insight in systematically evaluating the risk and speciation of As in HTL.
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