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The objective of this study was to investigate of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and vanadium (V) levels in blood serum, hair, and urine of adult obese patients. A total of 199 lean and 196 obese subjects were enrolled in the study. Serum, hair, and urinary metal and metalloid analysis were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at NexION 300D (PerkinElmer Inc., USA). The results established that obese subjects were characterized by 47% and 30% lower serum Cr and V levels compared with controls, respectively, whereas serum Se levels exceeded control values by 9%. In contrast, hair Cr, Se, and V content in obese subjects exceeded the control values by 51%, 21%, and 50%, respectively. In turn, hair Zn levels were found to be significantly lower by 11% compared with the lean control values. In urine, the levels of V and Zn were found to be 30% and 18% higher in obese patients. Prevalence of hypertension in obese subjects was associated with a trend for impaired Se and Zn levels. In a regression model adjusted for age, gender, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and glucose intolerance, serum Cr, V, and hair Zn were inversely associated with body mass index (BMI), whereas hair Se was considered as the positive predictor. Our data allow proposing that the observed alterations may at least partially contribute to metabolic disturbances in obesity. In turn, monitoring of Se exposure in a well-nourished adult population is required to reduce its potential contribution to obesity.Dules auriga, a native Brazilian teleost, was applied as a sentinel species regarding metal contamination at Ilha Grande Bay, previously considered a reference site in Southeastern Brazil. Cytosolic (S50) and metallothionein-bound (HTS50) hepatic iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), and silver (Ag) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), while metallothionein (MT) concentrations were determined by polarography. Ag concentrations in both cytosolic fractions were below the limit of detection. All other HTS50 metal contents were significantly lower than S50 contents. No significant associations were found for MT. Fe and Mn S50 were positively and moderately correlated to total length, as well as HTS50 Mn, while total weight was correlated to both Mn fractions, suggesting that environmental Mn and Fe concentrations may influence fish growth. A moderate correlation between the condition factor and the S50 Cu fraction was observed, also indicating that Cu may affect fish growth. Inter-element correlations were observed, including between Cd, a toxic element, and Mn and Zn, both essential elements. Calculated molar ratios indicate that both Mn and Zn are in molar excesses compared with Cd, corroborating literature assessments regarding protective Mn and Zn effects against Cd. Lack of MT correlations suggests that metal concentrations may not be high enough to reach an MT induction threshold and that MT variability is probably linked to environmental metal concentrations. Therefore, the increased environmental contaminant levels observed in the study area indicate the need for biomonitoring efforts aiming at the application of efficient mitigation measures.Purpose Treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC) results in severe weight loss, mainly due to the loss of lean body mass. Consequently, decreases in muscular strength and health-related quality of life (HRQL) occur. This study investigated the feasibility of a 12-week novel strength training (NST) and conventional strength training (CST) intervention delivered after HNC treatment. Methods Participants were randomized to a NST group (n = 11) involving eccentric overloaded strength training and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), or a CST group (n = 11) involving dynamic resistance exercises matched for training volume. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment, completion, adherence, and evidence of progression. A neuromuscular assessment involving maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MIVCs) in the knee extensors was evaluated prior to and during incremental cycling to volitional exhaustion at baseline and after the interventions. Anthropometrics and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were also assessed. Results Although recruitment was challenging, completion was 100% in NST and 82% in CST. Adherence was 92% in NST and 81% in CST. Overall, MIVC increased by 19 ± 23%, muscle cross-sectional area improved 18 ± 22%, cycling exercise time improved by 18 ± 13%, and improvements in HRQL and fatigue were clinically relevant. Conclusions Both interventions were found to be feasible for HNC patients after treatment. Strength training significantly improved maximal muscle strength, muscle cross-sectional area, and PROs after HNC treatment. Future research should include fully powered trials and consider the use of eccentric overloading and NMES during HNC treatment. Implications for cancer survivors Eccentric- and NMES-emphasized strength training may be useful alternatives to conventional strength training after HNC treatment.Study design Retrospective case-controlled study. Objectives To analyze the overall performance and outcome of two-a-day surgery days for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). As a method to improve efficiency and operating room utilization, some surgeons are now performing two surgeries for AIS in a single day. Methods A prospectively collected series of AIS patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion on the same day as a second AIS patient by the same surgeon and surgical team were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent same-day surgery (SD) were grouped according to whether they were the first (SD1) or second (SD2) case of the day and were matched (M1 and M2) by surgeon, curve magnitude, Lenke classification, and fusion levels. CHR-2845 molecular weight Comparisons were made SD1 vs. SD2, SD1 vs. M1, and SD2 vs. M2. Results There were 56 patients, with no differences between groups in age, gender, BMI, or curve magnitude (66° vs. 62° vs. 65° vs. 63°). Surgical time was shorter for the SD1 group (17.2 min/level) compared to M1 (20.5 min/level) for a 15% operative time reduction of 44 min (p = 0.008). There were no differences between the groups in curve correction (65.8% vs. 62.8% vs. 66.1% vs. 58.5%), estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay, or complication rate. One SD2 patient had a malpositioned screw that required revision. There were no other complications. Conclusions When performing two AIS surgeries on the same day, surgical time was reduced by 44 min, or 15%, on the first case compared to a matched control. This may be a reflection of the team moving along more efficiently, given the full operative day scheduled. The performance measures of curve correction, EBL, complications, and length of stay did not decline in this new model, and no increased incidence of complications was seen.Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease with an incidence of 81% among people aged over 65 years in China. Osteoarthritis significantly decreases the quality of life of patients, causing physical and psychological damage and posing a serious economic burden. Clinical treatments for osteoarthritis include drug and surgical treatments. Drug treatment can successfully alleviate pain but not satisfactorily reverse joint damage, while surgical intervention is typically used to treat end-stage disease. Stem cells are multi-potential progenitor cells with self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation abilities, and can differentiate into many kinds of cells, including chondrocytes. Umbilical cord stem cells, also known as Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs), have become the first choice for cartilage regeneration engineering owing to their availability and convenience of collection. This article reviews the biological characterization of WJ-MSCs in recent years, their advantages compared with other stem cells, and their application in the treatment of osteoarthritis in animal experiments and clinical trials.Antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a well-established but poorly understood clinical phenomenon. New mechanistic insights into how antipsychotics modulate adipose physiology are sorely needed, in hopes of either devising a therapeutic intervention to ameliorate weight gain or contributing to improved design of future agents. In this study, we have hypothesized that the weight gain-associated tricyclic antipsychotics clozapine and chlorpromazine directly impact adipose tissue by potentiating adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes. Utilizing a well-established in vitro model system (3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line), we demonstrate that, when applied specifically during induction of adipogenic differentiation, both clozapine and chlorpromazine significantly potentiate in vitro adipogenesis, observed as morphological changes and increased intracellular lipid accumulation. These persistent effects, observed at endpoints well after the end of antipsychotic exposure, are accompanied by increased transcript- and protein-level expression of the mature adipocyte marker perilipin-1, as indicated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, but not by further upregulation of pro-adipogenic transcription factors versus positive controls. Our findings point to a possible physiological mechanism of antipsychotic-induced hyperplasia, with potentiated expression of mature adipocyte markers enhancing the differentiation and maturation of preadipocytes.The devastating effects of the recent global pandemic (termed COVID-19 for "coronavirus disease 2019") caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) are paramount with new cases and deaths growing at an exponential rate. In order to provide a better understanding of SARS CoV-2, this article will review the proteins found in the SARS CoV-2 that caused this global pandemic.Because of the importance of cholesterol metabolism in the physiopathogenesis of dementia, and knowing the function of ATP-binding cassette A1 transporter (ABCA1) as a cholesterol flow pump at the cellular and cerebral level, it has been noted that the ABCA1 gene may be a good candidate for disease study. In order to evaluate the relationship between ABCA1 genetic variants and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementia in Mexican individuals, we examined three ABCA1 polymorphisms located in the exonic region (rs2230808, rs2066718, rs2230806) and two in the promoter region (rs1800977, rs2422493) in a group of 557 normal controls and 221 cases of dementia. It was possible to distinguish one protective haplotype CCCCGC (OR = 0,502, 95% CI = 0,370-0,681, p less then 0.001), and one risk haplotype TCCCAT (OR = 2208, 95% CI = 1609-3031, p less then 0.000) for the development of dementia. The results suggest that ABCA1 plays an important role in the pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of dementia.Age-related metabolic and renal changes predispose older people to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease, respectively. As the prevalence of the ageing population is increasing, because of increased life expectancy, the prevalence of older people with diabetic kidney disease is likely to increase. Diabetic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes and increased costs to healthcare systems. The management includes promotion of a healthy lifestyle and control of cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Older people are a heterogeneous group of people from a community-living fit and independent person to a fully dependent individual residing in a care home. Therefore, management in this age group should be based on a patient's functional level adopting tight metabolic control in the fit individual and relaxed targets in the frail person. However, despite the maximum available therapy, a significant number of patients with diabetic kidney disease still progress to renal failure and experience adverse cardiac outcomes.
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