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05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the largest change of lateral ventricle width (OR = 1.868, 95%CI = 1.120-3.116) and the extent of lateral ventricle widening (OR = 1.571, 95%CI = 1.120-2.206) were the key factors affecting the outcome of pregnancy (P<0.05).

Borderline fetal VM is associated with the risk of pathogenic CNVs and adverse pregnancy outcome. A comprehensive examination is required after prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, which is conducive to prenatal consultation and prognostic evaluation of the fetus.
Borderline fetal VM is associated with the risk of pathogenic CNVs and adverse pregnancy outcome. A comprehensive examination is required after prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, which is conducive to prenatal consultation and prognostic evaluation of the fetus.
To carry out genetic analysis and parental tracing for a fetus with an inconclusive chromosomal karyotype.

The fetus and its parents were subjected to combined chromosomal karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and multiplex PCR testing for Y chromosome microdeletions.

The fetus was found to have a karyotype of 45,X[18]/46,X,+mar[72]. Quizartinib research buy CMA revealed that the fetus has carried a 2.6 Mb duplication at Yp11.32p11.31 and a 44.5 Mb deletion at Yq11.21q12. Interphase FISH of amniocytes confirmed the chromosomal mosaicism in the fetus, which has derived from Y chromosome. Multiplex PCR revealed deletion of AZFb and AZFc regions on the Y chromosome. No karyotypic abnormality was found with either parent at 400-band level.

Combined genetic analysis has delineated the aberrant karyotype in the fetus, which has facilitated prediction of its clinical phenotype and genetic counseling.
Combined genetic analysis has delineated the aberrant karyotype in the fetus, which has facilitated prediction of its clinical phenotype and genetic counseling.
To explore the genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree affected with mental retardation.

G-banded karyotyping analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism microarray (SNP array) were used to detect the genetic variants within the family, and the origin of the variants was analyzed using UPDtool Statistics software.

The patient, a 26-year-old female, was found to have a chromosomal karyotype of 46,XX,dup(4)(q28.2q31.3),and SNP array revealed a 25.71 Mb duplication at 4q28.2-q31.3. The duplication was inherited from her father, and her fetus was found to carry the same duplication.

The duplication of the patient probably underlay the mental retardation. The gender of the carrier and parental origin of the duplication might have led to the variation in their clinical phenotype.
The duplication of the patient probably underlay the mental retardation. The gender of the carrier and parental origin of the duplication might have led to the variation in their clinical phenotype.
To provide genetic counseling for a couple with recurrent detection of fetal structural abnormality during second trimester pregnancy.

The fetal tissue and peripheral blood samples of the couple were subjected to G banded chromosomal analysis, copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays.

CNV-seq has detected a 6.59 Mb duplication at 7p22.3-p22.1 and a 3.81 Mb deletion at 4p16.3 in the fetal tissue, though conventional karyotyping results of both parents were normal. FISH has confirmed that the father has harbored a cryptic translocation of t(4;7)(7p+,4q+,4p+,7q+).

The ultrasonographic abnormality of the fetuses may be attributed to the 7p microduplication and 4p microdeletion derived from the cryptic translocation carried by the father. Reciprocal translocation of tiny chromosomal segments should be suspected for couples with recurrent adverse pregnancies but apparently normal karyotypes.
The ultrasonographic abnormality of the fetuses may be attributed to the 7p microduplication and 4p microdeletion derived from the cryptic translocation carried by the father. Reciprocal translocation of tiny chromosomal segments should be suspected for couples with recurrent adverse pregnancies but apparently normal karyotypes.
To analyze the clinical features and molecular genetic etiology of a patient with 3-M (Miller McKusick Malvaux) syndrome from a consanguineous parentage family, and to explore the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

After the consent of the proband's guardian and the informed consent form was signed, DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the proband and her parents for chromosome microarray analysis, medical exome sequencing and parental verification.

A total of 247.1 Mb loss of heterozygosity was found in the proband with a CytoScan 750K array. Furthermore, a homozygous variant (c.458dupG) of the OBSL1 gene was found using high-throughput sequencing, which was inherited from her parents. Based on the criteria and guidelines of genetic variation of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the variant is predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PM2+PP4), and only one case was reported previously.

Spina bifida occulta and lower eyelid fat pad may be a special phenotype of c.458dupG variant of the OBSL1 gene. Our study may provide a useful reference for evaluating the relationship between genotype and phenotype of 3-M syndrome type 2.
Spina bifida occulta and lower eyelid fat pad may be a special phenotype of c.458dupG variant of the OBSL1 gene. Our study may provide a useful reference for evaluating the relationship between genotype and phenotype of 3-M syndrome type 2.
To explore the clinical characteristics and genetic basis of a child with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency.

Clinical data of the child was retrospectively analyzed. Targeted capture-next generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing were carried out to detect potential variants.

The patient's main features included micropenis and hypospadia. He was found to harbor compound heterozygous c.680G>A (p.R227Q) and c.3G>T (p.M1I) variants of the SRD5A2 gene. Among these, c.680G>A (p.R227Q) was inherited from his father and was a known pathogenic mutation, while c.3G>T (p.M1I) was inherited from his mother and was unreported previously.

The compound heterozygous variants of the SRD5A2 gene probably underlay the disease in this child, who was eventually diagnosed with 5α-reductase 2 deficiency.
The compound heterozygous variants of the SRD5A2 gene probably underlay the disease in this child, who was eventually diagnosed with 5α-reductase 2 deficiency.
To study the genetic variants of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) combined with epilepsy, and explore its possible pathogenic mechanism.

Clinical data of the child were collected and evaluated, whole-exome sequencing (WES) technology was used to explore the genetic variants sites of the child and his parents and candidate genes were filtered out. Sanger sequencing were performed to verify the variants identified by WES and PolyPhen2 was utilized to predict the function of these variants. qPCR was carry out to determine the expression of the variant gene.

The proband carried a compound heterozygous mutation in the SIK3 gene (Chr11 q23.3, NM_025164.6), which contains a missense mutation c.1295A>G (p.N432S) inherited from the father and a deletion [c.2389_2391del(p.797del)] inherited from the mother. Both mutation sites are highly conservative, and PolyPhen2 predicted (c.1295A>G [p.N432S]) to be harmful. Compared to the mother, expression of SIK3in mRNA level in the peripheral blood of the proband and his father were both significantly decreased; compared to normal child, SIK3 expression in the peripheral blood of the proband and two other children with ASD were all decreased significantly too. In addition, studies on mice found that Sik3 gene has a marked higher level of expression in the brain.

The SIK3 gene variants may probably be associated with ASD. The detailed mechanism needs to be studied further, which may involve lipid metabolism dysfunction in the brain.
The SIK3 gene variants may probably be associated with ASD. The detailed mechanism needs to be studied further, which may involve lipid metabolism dysfunction in the brain.
To explore the genetic basis for a Chinese patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Peripheral blood samples were collected from the patient and his parents for the extraction of genomic DNA. Genetic variant was identified by whole exome sequencing. Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing of his parents and healthy controls.

The patient was found to harbor a heterozygous c.420C>G (p.Asn140Lys) variant of the SOD1 gene. The same variant was not detected in his parents and 100 healthy controls. The variant has not been included in HGMD, dbSNP and other databases.

The c.420C>G variant of the SOD1 gene may underlie the ALS in this patient. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of SOD1 gene variants.
G variant of the SOD1 gene may underlie the ALS in this patient. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of SOD1 gene variants.
To explore the genetic basis for a patient with aortic root aneurysm and valve insufficiency.

The patient was subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES) with a focus on the analysis of genes related to aortic aneurysm and other genetic diseases involving the cardiovascular system. Suspected pathogenic site was validated by Sanger sequencing of the patient and his family members.

WES has revealed a heterozygous c.830T>C variant (NM_001130916.3) in the patient, which was not detected among healthy members of his family. SIFT, PolyPhen2 and Mutation Taster predicted the variant to be disease causing, resulting in destruction of the structure and function of the TGFBR1 protein. Based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines, the variant was predicted to be likely pathogenic (PM1+PM2+PM6+PP3+PP4).

The c.830T>C variant of the TGFBR1 gene probably underlay the disease in the proband. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of TGFBR1 gene variants in Chinese population.
C variant of the TGFBR1 gene probably underlay the disease in the proband. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of TGFBR1 gene variants in Chinese population.
To explore the genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree affected with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1).

Target capture high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing were carried out to detect the pathological variant in a NF1 patient and his parents.

The proband and his similarly affected father have both harbored a novel nonsense variant of c.2511G>A (p.trp837x) in the NF1 gene. The same variant was not found in his mother and 200 healthy controls.

The heterozygous nonsense variant of c.2511G>A (p.trp837x) of the NF1 gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of NF1 in this pedigree.
A (p.trp837x) of the NF1 gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of NF1 in this pedigree.
To explore the pathogenesis of two siblings (including a fetus) from a pedigree affected with Joubert syndrome.

Peripheral blood samples of the proband and his parents as well as amniotic fluid and abortion tissues of the fetus were collected. Part of the samples were used for the extraction of DNA, and whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out to screen potential variants in the proband and his parents. Suspected variants were subjected to bioinformatics analysis with consideration of the clinical phenotype, and were verified by Sanger sequencing of the proband, fetus and their parents.The remainders were used for the extraction of RNA, and the mechanism of splicing variant was validated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR).

WES showed that both patients have carried c.175C>T (p.R59X) and c.553+1G>A compound heterozygous variants of the TMEM237 gene. Among these, c.175C>T was a nonsense mutation inherited from the asymptomatic mother, while c.553+1G>A was an alternative splicing mutation inherited from the asymptomatic father.
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