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Pilot Study on the mix of Pre-Treatments together with Nanofiltration pertaining to Efficiently Constraint Membrane Fouling Even though Providing High-Quality Mineral water.
Cyanobacteria can be utilized as a platform for direct phototrophic conversion of CO2 to produce several types of carbon-neutral biofuels. One promising compound to be produced photobiologically in cyanobacteria is isobutene. As a volatile compound, isobutene will quickly escape the cells without building up to toxic levels in growth medium or get caught in the membranes. Unlike liquid biofuels, gaseous isobutene may be collected from the headspace and thus avoid the costly extraction of a chemical from culture medium or from cells. Here we investigate a putative synthetic pathway for isobutene production suitable for a photoautotrophic host. First, we expressed α-ketoisocaproate dioxygenase from Rattus norvegicus (RnKICD) in Escherichia coli. We discovered isobutene formation with the purified RnKICD with the rate of 104.6 ± 9 ng (mg protein)-1 min-1 using α-ketoisocaproate as a substrate. We further demonstrate isobutene production in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by introducing the RnKICD enzyme. Synechocystis strain heterologously expressing the RnKICD produced 91 ng l-1 OD750-1 h-1. Thus, we demonstrate a novel sustainable platform for cyanobacterial production of an important building block chemical, isobutene. These results indicate that RnKICD can be used to further optimize the synthetic isobutene pathway by protein and metabolic engineering efforts.Cell-free systems present a significant opportunity to harness the metabolic potential of diverse organisms. Removing the cellular context provides the ability to produce biological products without the need to maintain cell viability and enables metabolic engineers to explore novel chemical transformation systems. Crude extracts maintain much of a cell's capabilities. However, only limited tools are available for engineering the contents of the extracts used for cell-free systems. Thus, our ability to take full advantage of the potential of crude extracts for cell-free metabolic engineering is constrained. Here, we employ Multiplex Automated Genomic Engineering (MAGE) to tag proteins for selective depletion from crude extracts so as to specifically direct chemical production. Specific edits to central metabolism are possible without significantly impacting cell growth. Selective removal of pyruvate degrading enzymes resulted in engineered crude lysates that are capable of up to 40-fold increases in pyruvate production when compared to the non-engineered extract. The described approach melds the tools of systems and synthetic biology to showcase the effectiveness of cell-free metabolic engineering for applications like bioprototyping and bioproduction.Avian malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium species, which may affect a broad spectrum of bird families worldwide. In most endemic and migratory birds, Plasmodium infections seem not to cause severe harm; however, non-indigenous species kept in human care such as penguins may experience high morbidity and mortality rates. Fatal avian malaria may also occur in other non-native seabirds such as puffins (Fratercula spp.), but reported cases are scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze seven cases of sudden death in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) at Berne Animal Park in Switzerland between 2010 and 2020, and to determine the involvement of haemosporidian parasites in the fatal outcome. In all cases, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, necrotic lesions in several organs and presence of protozoan stages within tissues/erythrocytes or accumulation of iron-based pigment were observed histologically. A one-step multiplex PCR designed to simultaneously detect and discriminate haemosporidia belonging to the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, and a nested PCR detecting Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections were performed on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or fresh liver and spleen tissues from five and two birds, respectively. Plasmodium spp. DNA was detected in the tissues from six of seven birds by the one-step multiplex PCR and in five of seven individuals by the nested PCR protocol. Direct sequencing of the amplification products allowed the molecular identification of Plasmodium relictum SGS1 as the involved species in three individuals and Plasmodium matutinum LINN1 in two of these fatal cases. In one bird, no haemosporidian DNA could be amplified from FFPE tissues despite of suggestive histopathological findings. These results indicate that avian malaria represents an important cause of death in captive puffins and it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in unclear or fatal cases in this threatened bird species.Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a sub-acute process of pulmonary tissue repair secondary to lung injury, defined histopathologically by intra-alveolar buds of granulation tissue within the lumen of distal pulmonary airspaces. It can be either cryptogenic or secondary (SOP) to different clinical conditions, namely infections. IWR-1-endo order Despite being nonspecific, its diagnosis can be made by the association of clinical and imaging criteria. We report two cases of OP associated to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, admitted at a Portuguese tertiary hospital unit dedicated to COVID-19. Both patients presented with severe respiratory failure with need of invasive mechanical ventilation. After initial recovery, there was worsening of dyspnea and hypoxemic respiratory failure with increase in inflammatory markers. Chest CT revealed an OP pattern. Other conditions such as superinfection, auto-immune disease and iatrogenic etiology, were excluded and corticotherapy at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day was administered. Chest CT follow up of both our patients showed complete resolution of OP pattern, with mild to moderate residual pulmonary fibrosis without honeycombing. There is no OP to SARS-CoV-2 case series yet published describing the progress of patients after corticotherapy, although the association between systemic corticosteroids and lower all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19 has been recently established. It is possible that, as has been described with other viruses, OP secondary to SARS-CoV-2 represents an immunological process after initial infection, presenting with elevation of inflammatory markers and cytokines storm in the bloodstream and lung tissue, which may explain the favorable response to corticosteroids.
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