Notes

Dissemination features regarding Bessel supports produced by continuous, incoherent light resources.
(fig) and
(olive) are valuable nutritional plants that are widely used in diet and traditional medicine. Different parts of the plants such as fruit and leaves contain beneficial compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, among which anti-inflammatory activities are remarkable. The purpose of this review is to discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of
and
with emphasis on their impact on pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.

To prepare the present review, the sites utilized included Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar and studied relevant articles from 2000 until 2021.

As a result, we observed that most of the compounds in fig and olive including polyphenols, flavonoids, etc., exert their anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting or decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, some natural antioxidants are common between these two plants.

We suggest that consuming figs and olives simultaneously or alone can be useful in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases.
We suggest that consuming figs and olives simultaneously or alone can be useful in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and lethal type of cancer worldwide. The importance of non-coding RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized in the development of HCC. In this study, we constructed a four-component competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in HCC and evaluated prognostic values of the ceRNAs.

The expression profiles of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. GSE94508 and GSE97332 studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used to identify circRNAs expression profiles. A four-component ceRNA network was constructed based on differentially-expressed RNAs. Survival R package was utilized to identify potential prognostic biomarkers.

A four-component ceRNA network including 295 edges and 239 nodes was constructed and enrichment analysis revealed important Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. A Protein-Protein Interaction network with 118 nodes and 301 edges was also established. The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) was the highest degree hub gene in the PPI network. Because of the significance of EZH2 in HCC, we presented its axes in the ceRNA network, which play important roles in HCC progression. Furthermore, ceRNAs were identified as potential prognostic biomarkers utilizing survival analysis.

Our study elucidates the role of ceRNAs and their regulatory interactions in the pathogenesis of HCC and identifies EZH2-related RNAs which may be utilized as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers in the future.
Our study elucidates the role of ceRNAs and their regulatory interactions in the pathogenesis of HCC and identifies EZH2-related RNAs which may be utilized as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers in the future.
Recently, great attention has been paid to developing new drug delivery systems to manage the rate, time, and site of drug release. We aimed to design a novel drug delivery system to support targeted and gradual delivery of levothyroxine sodium.

The triblock copolymers of PLA-PEG-PLA and PLGA-PEG-PLGA were constructed using the ring-opening copolymerization method and then purified and characterized by 1H-NMR, DSC, and GPC techniques. The phase transition temperature of the polymers was determined, and levothyroxine sodium stability was investigated in a phosphate-based buffer (pH 7.4).
drug release into the PBS was measured at different concentrations of the triblocks for one month.

The results of NMR and GPC showed successful fabrication of the copolymers with low molecular weight dispersion and T
points of -8.19
C and -5.19
C for PLA-PEG-PLA and PLGA-PEG-PLGA, respectively. Stability tests showed that during one month, most of the triblocks' masses degraded at 37
C while levothyroxine sodium remained stable. Initial burst release of the drug in both copolymers is inversely correlated with the concentration of the polymer. Evaluation of drug release for 35 days showed that PLA-PEG-PLA had a slower drug release rate than PLGA-PEG-PLGA.

Considering the low initial burst release, as well as continuous and long-term release kinetics of PLA-PEG-PLA and PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymers, they can be used to gradually deliver levothyroxine sodium, obviating the need for frequent administrations and concerns over drug-food interactions.
Considering the low initial burst release, as well as continuous and long-term release kinetics of PLA-PEG-PLA and PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymers, they can be used to gradually deliver levothyroxine sodium, obviating the need for frequent administrations and concerns over drug-food interactions.
Osteosarcoma is a major solid malignant tumor of bone, possessing significant burden on healthcare due to non-availability of specific anticancer agents. The current study was conducted to identify novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives against osteosarcoma.

The compounds were synthesized in a straight-forward two-step reaction and subsequently tested against PI3K and mTOR kinase and anticancer activity against osteosarcoma cells (MG-63, U2-OS, and Saos-2). The effect of the most potent compound was evaluated on apoptosis and cell phase of Saos-2 cells. The pharmacological activity was further established in the patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model.

The developed compounds 8 (a-f) showed significant inhibitory activities against PI3K, mTOR, and OS cells. Among the tested series, compound
showed highly potent PI3K/mTOR inhibitory activity with significant anticancer activity against Saos-2 cells compared with Imatinib as standard. It also induces apoptosis and causes G2/M arrest in Saos-2 cells. Compound
significantly improved body weight, reduced tumor volume, and inhibited lung metastasis in athymic nude mice in a PDOX mouse model. It also showed optimal pharmacokinetic parameters in SD rats.

In summary, 1,3,5-triazine analogs were identified as new PI3K/mTOR inhibitors against osteosarcoma.
In summary, 1,3,5-triazine analogs were identified as new PI3K/mTOR inhibitors against osteosarcoma.
One of the important interactions in controlling the human immune system is the reaction between checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1. These are negative immunoregulatory molecules that promote immune evasion of tumor cells. PD-L1 expression is an immune-mediated mechanism used by various malignant cells in order to down-regulate the immune system. Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are a new class of anti-cancer agents that stimulate immune cells to elicit an antitumor response by blocking the ligand and receptor interactions. Nanobody (Nb) as a new type of antibody fragment, has some potential as CPI.

A female camel was immunized with recombinant PD-L1 protein, nanobody library was constructed and PD-L1 specific Nb was selected. The selected Nb was characterized in terms of affinity, specificity, and binding potency in ELISA, Western blotting, and flow cytometry.

Developed nanobody, A22 binds to its cognate target with high specificity and affinity. Western blot and flow cytometry techniques showed that nanobody A22 was able to specifically detect and attach to human PD-L1 protein on the cell surface and in the cell lysate. MTT assay showed the inhibitory effect of PD-L1 by specific Nb on A431 and HEK293 cells, with no cytotoxic effect on cell growth.

The results highlighted the potential of anti-PD-L1 Nb as a novel therapeutic in cancer therapy without undesirable cytotoxicity.
The results highlighted the potential of anti-PD-L1 Nb as a novel therapeutic in cancer therapy without undesirable cytotoxicity.
The current study's objectives were to obtain different extracts and essential oils of
and
and to determine the chemical composition, as well as to evaluate free radical scavenging activity (IC
) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the effect of liposomal formulation on antimicrobial properties.

Air-dried powdered aerial parts of
and
were used. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties, essential oil compositions, total phenol, and flavonoid contents of different fractions were determined by DPPH test, disk diffusion assay, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Folin-ciocalteu reagent, and colorimetric assay method, respectively. The film hydration method was used to fabricate nanoparticles.

GC-MS analysis indicated that hexafarnesyl acetone was a major essential oil component. n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of
had the highest anti-oxidant activity. Extracts of both plants showed antimicrobial activity. The extracts' maximum inhibition zones against
were established. A particle size analyzer detected the formulation size of 140 nm. The optimum formulation of liposomes contains the ratio of 75 mg lecithin, 25 mg cholesterol, and 50 mg herbal extract. Despite the nanoparticles' appropriate particle size, the liposomal extract's antimicrobial effect was lower than that of the free form.

Our findings demonstrated that extracts have significant antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities, attributed to their bioactive constituents.
Our findings demonstrated that extracts have significant antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities, attributed to their bioactive constituents.
Antimicrobial resistance emerged as a global challenge owing to limited therapeutic options to control infections.
, an MDR pathogen already developed resistance against many conventional antibiotics. An "anti-virulence strategy" that targets bacterial virulence rather than growth proves effective against drug-resistant pathogens.

Here, we used a structure-based drug design approach to identify lead molecules using the LasR receptor protein of
as a target responsible for virulence production in this bacterium. From the identified hits, we developed lead-based nanoformulation and investigated its effectiveness for treating the
associated surface-infection
. SB239063 cell line First, TC-based nanoemulsions were fabricated by high-pressure homogenization and evaluated for various
parameters. The optimized nanoemulsions were thereby utilized to prepare NEG.

The nanoemulsion (F3) exhibited low droplet size (51.04±1.88 nm), PDI (0.065±1.14), and negative zeta potential (-33.65±0.82 mV). In animals, topical application of NEG-3 demonstrated significant improvement on skin permeability (459±10.17 µg), drug influx (18.99±0.76 μg/cm
hr), and repressed the CFU of
induced-surface infection (
≤ 0.001). The histology of rat skin demonstrated a significant effect for groups treated with TC-based NEGs as compared with a negative control group, whereas no significant effect was seen on rat liver indicating low systemic exposure to the drug. Also, NEG3 showed no significant changes under different stability conditions after 3 months.

TC-based NEGs open up the possibility of a more effective way to combat serious surface infections caused by

TC-based NEGs open up the possibility of a more effective way to combat serious surface infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
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