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Using atomic force microscopy, the photo-induced reversible changes in a block copolymer self-assembly containing an azobenzene ionic liquid, which undergoes sol-gel transition is directly observed. This is the first report on the sol-gel transition of an ABA-type block copolymer consisting of upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-type A blocks in a photoresponsive ionic liquid mixture. The sol-gel transition is accompanied by an order-to-disorder structural change, which subsequently induces a change in the ionic conductivity. Surprisingly, the photo-induced ionic conductivity and rheological changes occurs rapidly (≈30 s) despite the dense (≈80 wt%) polymeric system. The rapid structural change is probably attributable to the fast diffusion of the ionic liquid.
This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on young women's disordered eating and their responses to online interventions to reduce disordered eating.

University students at risk of developing an eating disorder (N = 100) were randomly assigned to either receiving an online intervention to reduce disordered eating or not. Forty-one participants entered the study from September 2019 to March 2020 (pre-COVID) and 59 after physical distancing was introduced due to COVID pandemic (during COVID). Online assessments were conducted at baseline and 1-week follow up.

There was a significant increase in weight concerns, disordered eating, and negative affect among participants entering the trial during COVID compared to pre-COVID. The increases in the first two variables remained when adjusting for baseline negative affect. No significant interactions between time, condition and COVID status were observed.

Young women experienced increased levels of disordered eating after the onset of COVID. While no interactions with COVID were detected, changes to within-group effect sizes for disordered eating more than doubled for both online interventions and assessment from pre-COVID to during COVID, suggesting any attention to issues related to disordered eating in the context of reduced social contact may be beneficial.
Young women experienced increased levels of disordered eating after the onset of COVID. While no interactions with COVID were detected, changes to within-group effect sizes for disordered eating more than doubled for both online interventions and assessment from pre-COVID to during COVID, suggesting any attention to issues related to disordered eating in the context of reduced social contact may be beneficial.When designing a clinical trial, borrowing historical control information can provide a more efficient approach by reducing the necessary control arm sample size while still yielding increased power. Several Bayesian methods for incorporating historical information via a prior distribution have been proposed, for example, (modified) power prior, (robust) meta-analytic predictive prior. When utilizing historical control borrowing, the prior parameter(s) must be specified to determine the magnitude of borrowing before the current data are observed. Thus, a flexible prior is needed in case of heterogeneity between historic trials or prior data conflict with the current trial. To incorporate the ability to selectively borrow historic information, we propose a Bayesian semiparametric meta-analytic-predictive prior. Using a Dirichlet process mixture prior allows for relaxation of parametric assumptions, and lets the model adaptively learn the relationship between the historic and current control data. Additionally, we generalize a method for estimating the prior effective sample size (ESS) for the proposed prior. This gives an intuitive quantification of the amount of information borrowed from historical trials, and aids in tuning the prior to the specific task at hand. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology by comparing performance between existing methods in an extensive simulation study and a phase II proof-of-concept trial in ankylosing spondylitis. In summary, our proposed robustification of the meta-analytic-predictive prior alleviates the need for prespecifying the amount of borrowing, providing a more flexible and robust method to integrate historical data from multiple study sources in the design and analysis of clinical trials.A current debate within population genomics surrounds the relevance of patterns of genomic differentiation between closely related species for our understanding of adaptation and speciation. Mounting evidence across many taxa suggests that the same genomic regions repeatedly develop elevated differentiation in independent species pairs. These regions often coincide with high gene density and/or low recombination, leading to the hypothesis that the genomic differentiation landscape mostly reflects a history of background selection, and reveals little about adaptation or speciation. A comparative genomics approach with multiple independent species pairs at a timescale where gene flow and ILS are negligible permits investigating whether different evolutionary processes are responsible for generating lineage-specific versus shared patterns of species differentiation. We use whole-genome resequencing data of 195 individuals from four Ficedula flycatcher species comprising two independent species pairs collared and pied flycatchers, and red-breasted and taiga flycatchers. We found that both shared and lineage-specific FST peaks could partially be explained by selective sweeps, with recurrent selection likely to underlie shared signatures of selection, whereas indirect evidence supports a role of recombination landscape evolution in driving lineage-specific signatures of selection. This work therefore provides evidence for an interplay of positive selection and recombination to genomic landscape evolution.
Accurate and early identification of dermatophytes enables prompt antifungal therapy. However, phenotypic and molecular identification methods are time-consuming. MALDI-TOF MS-based identification is rapid, but an optimum protocol is not available.

To develop and validate an optimum protein extraction protocol for the efficient and accurate identification of dermatophytes by MALDI-TOF MS.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (n=4), T.rubrum (n=4) and Microsporum gypseum (n=4) were used for the optimisation of protein extraction protocols. Thirteen different methods were evaluated. A total of 125 DNA sequence confirmed clinical isolates of dermatophytes were used to create and expand the existing database. The accuracy of the created database was checked by visual inspection of MALDI spectra, MSP dendrogram and composite correlation index matrix analysis. The protocol was validated further using 234 isolates.

Among 13 protein extraction methods, six correctly identified dermatophytes but with a low log score (≤1.0). The modified extraction protocol developed provided an elevated log score of 1.6. Significant log score difference was observed between the modified protocol and other existing protocols (T.mentagrophytes complex 1.6 vs. 0.2-1.0, p<.001; T.rubrum 1.6 vs. 0.4-1.0, p<.001; M.gypseum1.6 vs. 0.2-1.0, p<.001). Expansion of the database enabled the identification of all 234 isolates (73.5% with log score ≥2.0 and 26.4% with log scores range 1.75-1.99). The results were comparable to DNA sequence-based identification.

MALDI-TOF MS with an updated database and efficient protein extraction protocol developed in this study can identify dermatophytes accurately and also reduce the time for identifying them.
MALDI-TOF MS with an updated database and efficient protein extraction protocol developed in this study can identify dermatophytes accurately and also reduce the time for identifying them.In the present study, the Divide and Conquer MBAR (DC-MBAR) method is proposed to predict the free energies based on the data sampled by multi-states simulations. For DC-MBAR method, the overlap between any two alchemical states is calculated first and those with sufficient overlap are defined as the adjacent states. Unlike the traditional MBAR method, which calculates the free energy of each state using all the data at once, DC-MBAR focuses on predicting the free energy changes between adjacent states. To estimate the free energy changes accurately, the other states with overlaps with the two adjacent states bigger than the defined threshold are included in the MBAR equation. At a specific threshold, the free energies predicted by DC-MBAR are very close to those calculated by the traditional MABR method. Furthermore, DC-MBAR scheme can reduce both the computation and memory cost. One important characteristic of DC-MBAR method is linear scaling, which means the CPU time with the change of the number of states is a straight-line relation. As the pair-based calculations are mutually independent and parallelizable, all accessible CPU cores on the HPC cluster could be utilized, which makes DC-MBAR strategy more efficient.Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects that arise during embryogenesis when normal neural tube closure fails to occur. According to the World Health Organization, NTDs are detected annually in approximately 300,000 neonates worldwide. The exact etiology of NTDs remains complex and poorly understood. It is generally agreed that most NTD cases are of multifactorial origin, having a combination of multiple genes and a number of environmental risk factors. The role of folic acid, vitamin B12 deficiency, genetics and other risk factors, in the etiology of NTDs, has also been extensively studied. This knowledge synthesis brings together different types of evidence to update the role of vitamin B12 deficiency, genetics and other risk factors, in the etiology of NTDs. Following a PubMed search and screening for relevant articles, we included 40 studies in our review (30 case-control studies, 3 cross-sectional studies, 5 cohort studies, and 2 case reports). The available data showed that vitamin B12 levels were decreased in mothers and infants in NTD groups compared with control groups. Holo-transcobalamin, the active form of vitamin B12, was also found in lower levels in mothers with NTD-affected infants. buy Calcitriol Several studies reported elevated homocysteine levels in mothers and infants in NTD groups. Additionally, numerous studies reported links between genetic variants and increased NTD risk. These genes include GIF, LRP2, CUBN, TCb1R, MTHFR, and others. Several maternal factors have also been linked with significant NTD risk such as BMI, maternal diet, air pollutants, low maternal age, and many others. The majority of studies on NTDs have focused on the role of folic acid, hence there is a need for well-designed studies on the role of other risk factors like vitamin B12 deficiency in the etiology of NTDs.Longitudinal molecular measurable residual disease (MRD) sampling after completion of therapy serves as a refined tool for identification of imminent relapse of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) among patients in long-term haematological complete remission. Tracking of increasing quantitative polymerase chain reaction MRD before cytomorphological reappearance of blasts may instigate individual management decisions and has paved the way for development of pre-emptive treatment strategies to substantially delay or perhaps even revert leukaemic regrowth. Traditionally, MRD monitoring is performed using repeated bone marrow aspirations, albeit the current European LeukemiaNet MRD recommendations acknowledge the use of peripheral blood as an alternative source for MRD assessment. Persistent MRD positivity in the bone marrow despite continuous morphological remission is frequent in both core binding factor leukaemias and nucleophosmin 1-mutated AML. In contrast, monthly assessment of MRD in peripheral blood superiorly separates patients with imminent haematological relapse from long-term remitters and may allow pre-emptive therapy of AML relapse.
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