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INTESTINAL Blockage On account of Unusual Interior SUPRAVESICAL HERNIA.
However, the high-energy ion bombardment in IBE significantly increases the absorption of the HfO2 coatings prepared by all deposition techniques and decreases their laser damage resistance to different extents.Metal-dielectric phase-shifting multilayer optical elements have been developed, providing broadband, virtually dispersion-free polarization manipulation down to the few-cycle level. These optical elements are Ag/Al2O3 mirrors that operate in the spectral range from 500 to 100 nm, exhibiting reflectance higher than 95%, and a differential phase shift between the s- and p-polarization of about 90° distributed over four bounces. The mirrors have been designed, produced, and reliably characterized based on spectral photometric and ellipsometric data using a non-parametric approach as well as a multi-oscillator model. The optical elements were implemented into a few-cycle laser system, where they transformed linearly polarized few-cycle light pulses to circular polarization.Thin-film interference filters can be illuminated by a circular aperture at different angles. Each situation produces a different transmittance spectrum. We present an analytical model that, for small tilt angles, predicts the change in transmittance for an arbitrary position of the filter in three-dimensional space. The model is extended to take into account higher-order harmonics. We also derive a formula to predict the change in central wavelength, and we validate our results by comparison with thin-film transfer-matrix calculations. A key property of our approach is that the model can be combined with empirical data to predict the transmittance without knowing the filter design.Residual stress birefringence of highly reflective mirrors is a challenging problem due to its dubious origin and intricate nature. In this paper, the birefringences of highly reflective mirrors manufactured under the same deposition parameters but structured with different numbers of high- and low-refractive-index (HL) layer pairs are measured with the cavity ring-down technique by the mirror rotation method together with a differential loss approximation model. Experimental results show that birefringence retardation increases with the increasing number of HL layer pairs. Further measurements across the mirror surface indicate a non-uniform birefringence distribution, while curvature analysis of the stress-deformed surface provides more clues to the origins of birefringence.A framework to quantitatively calculate substrate bending after coating has been proposed. By introducing fitting parameters to modified Stoney's formula, the amount of bending has been calculated to accuracies of less than λ/10 at 633 nm for ion-beam sputtering and ion-beam assisted deposition processes.Multimode laser emission generally takes place in homogeneously broadened gain media placed inside a standing-wave resonator due to spatial hole burning. Solutions proposed to eliminate this phenomenon have so far involved the use of intracavity elements, such as an etalon, wave plates or saturable absorbers. We propose a monolithic solution, wherein birefringent layers of TiO2 are deposited on both laser mirrors. This solution enables one to control the contrast of the interference pattern of the standing wave inside the resonator, and thus the strength of the spatial hole burning, by rotating one mirror around the optical axis. A monochromatic laser emission is demonstrated in a quasi-continuous-wave laser-diode-pumped Yb3+YAG laser experiment.We present the optical and structural characterization of films of Ta2O5, Sc2O3, and Sc2O3 doped Ta2O5 with a cation ratio around 0.1 grown by reactive sputtering. The addition of Sc2O3 as a dopant induces the formation of tantalum suboxide due to the "oxygen getter" property of scandium. The presence of tantalum suboxide greatly affects the optical properties of the coating, resulting in higher absorption loss at λ=1064nm. The refractive index and optical band gap of the mixed film do not correspond to those of a mixture of Ta2O5 and Sc2O3, given the profound structural modifications induced by the dopant.Many existing well-known multilayer design methods are based on so-called greedy algorithms. New deep search algorithms developed for needle optimization, gradual evolution, and design cleaner methods are presented. The algorithms possess machine learning features. The advantages of the deep search methods are demonstrated on a set of examples including the OIC Design Contest 2019.Application of electric field and moderately elevated temperature depletes the side facing anode from alkali present in glasses. The change of composition of the treated glass results in variation of refractive index depth profile within the treated glass. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is employed for characterization of optical properties of glass treated in different conditions. The results of optical characterization are verified by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. It is found that the refractive index profile obtained from ellipsometry has a maximum value higher than the one of untreated glass. The obtained refractive index profiles are in very good agreement with concentration profiles.Through the introduction of a broadband (∼1µm) high-efficiency (average above 90%) half-wave plate in the near-infrared (NIR) region, reflective Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces that can generate high-intensity (above 90%) left-circular polarization (LCP) and right-circular polarization (RCP) light for broadband (∼900nm) are designed. It provides a method to generate broadband high-efficiency circularly polarized (CP) light, which is a rare complex process in traditional chiroptical spectroscopy. To further show the broadband high-efficiency function of the meta-atom, a broadband high-efficiency reflective vortex beam generator based on metasurfaces is designed for RCP light in the NIR region. Moreover, with the appropriate arrangement, the metasurfaces are able to focus the vortex beam into a point to increase the intensity of the generated vortex beam.Nanostructured low-index layers are useful as the last layers of antireflective (AR) coatings because they can broaden their spectral ranges and improve the performance for oblique light incidence. Selleck BAY 11-7821 Structuring of evaporated organic layers by plasma opens a route to produce inorganic interference stacks and low-index layers in the same vacuum process. The organic material uracil has been investigated as a template material for AR nanostructures. An additional plasma-treatment step was added to the manufacturing process, which decreases the organic fraction of the coating substantially. As a result, a better environmental stability and higher transmission in the ultraviolet range was achieved.Surface deformation by coating stress is compensated by prefiguring the substrate with a radially nonuniform layer of dense silica. Stresses in the compensation layer and reflector are modeled using finite element analysis to determine the optimal thickness profile, with the deposited coating reducing the surface deformation by 90%. This process is intended to allow implementation of both the compensation layer and the traditional multilayer coating in a single vacuum cycle.A nitridated Ru/B4C multilayer with period of 3.0 nm and 80 bilayers were fabricated to study thermal and temporal stability. The multilayer was annealed from room temperature to 490°C, and the in situ X-ray measurements showed that the reflectivity remains mostly unchanged up to 300°C. link2 An essential drop of the reflectivity occurred at 490°C with significantly increased interface roughness. A new layered structure with larger thickness than the original multilayer started to appear at 400°C. The nitridated Ru/B4C multilayer remains intact after two years of storage in air, which demonstrated a very good temporal stability.Thin films of Ge, ZnS, YbF3, and LaF3 produced using e-beam evaporation on ZnSe and Ge substrates were characterized in the range of 0.4-12 µm. It was found that the Sellmeier model provides the best fit for refractive indices of ZnSe substrate, ZnS, and LaF3 films; the Cauchy model provides the best fit for YbF3 film. Optical constants of Ge substrate and Ge film as well as extinction coefficients of ZnS, YbF3, LaF3, and ZnSe substrate are presented in the frame of a non-parametric model. For the extinction coefficient of ZnS, the exponential model is applicable. Stresses in Ge, ZnS, YbF3, and LaF3 were estimated equal to (-50)MPa, (-400)MPa, 140 MPa, and 380 MPa, respectively. The surface roughness does not exceed 5 nm for all films and substrates.For the seventh Manufacturing Problem Contest, participants were challenged to fabricate an optical filter with transmittance specified for s-polarization at two incident angles 10° and 50° from 400 nm to 1100 nm. link3 The problem required that contestants be equally versed in the design, deposition, and measurement of optical filters in order to achieve good results. Eight teams from five different countries participated in the contest using various deposition techniques. The fabricated filters had a total thickness between 8.2 µm and 17.6 µm and a total number of layers from 74 to 255, which were deposited onto one or both sides of the substrate. The performances of the filters were measured by two independent laboratories. The evaluation results were presented at the Topical Meeting on Optical Interference Coatings conference held in Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico, in June 2019.Ellipsometric modeling of serially bi-deposited glancing-angle-deposition (GLAD) coatings with a high degree of accuracy is imperative for multilayer coatings. High-precision dispersion curves are demonstrated for a wide variety of applications.Electric field enhancement due to nodular defects within quarter-wave optical thickness multilayer mirrors is impacted by the inclusion diameter, inclusion depth, inclusion composition, nodular shape, multilayer angular bandwidth, multilayer coating materials, number of layers, angle of incidence, and polarization. In this modeling study, the electric field enhancement for surface inclusions with diameters up to 2 µm irradiated at 1064 nm at either normal or 45 deg incidence is calculated for high refractive index materials over a refractive index range of 1.7-2.3 for oxide materials commonly used in the near infrared. The thicknesses of the multilayer mirror thin films are determined for each high refractive index material by a requirement to meet a 99.5% reflection. The refractive index was found to have a significant impact on the electric field enhancement, which may offer some insight into the optimal material choice to produce high laser damage threshold mirrors.Rotational spatial plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition has been used to deposit thin films on half-sphere lenses. Non-uniformity of less than ±1% is demonstrated for Nb2O5 deposited at 1.4 Å/s and for SiO2 deposited at 6 Å/s.Optical coatings for fusion-class laser systems pose unique challenges, given the large substrate sizes, the high intensities incident on the coatings, and the system-focusing requirements, necessitating a well-controlled optical wavefront. Significant advancements have taken place in the past 30 years to achieve the coating capabilities necessary to build laser systems such as the National Ignition Facility, Laser Mégajoule, OMEGA EP, and OMEGA. This work summarizes the coating efforts and advancements to support such system construction and maintenance.
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