Notes

Versatility Associated with Sq . Flap Within Post-Burn Contractures Concerning Second Limb.
1;72(2)193-210.Chromium (Cr) is a very common element. It occurs in 2 oxidation states, Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Although Cr(III) is not considered an element essential for mammals, it raises lots of controversy due to its role in the body. While Cr(III) action should be considered an effect of pharmacological action, Cr(VI) is included in the first group of carcinogens for humans. Moreover, it induces numerous pathological changes in the respiratory, urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. In addition, Cr(VI) is used in many industry branches, causing millions of workers all over the world to be exposed to Cr(VI) compounds. A considerable number of the occupationally exposed individuals are in favor of a deep analysis of the mechanisms of Cr(VI) action and a search for a way to reduce its negative impact on the human body. Numerous reactive oxygen species inducing oxidative stress and causing various damage are produced during Cr(VI) reduction in the cells. A good balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants can reduce Cr(VI)- induced damage. The influence of vitamins and microelements on the adverse Cr(VI) effects has no systematic research results summary. Therefore, this work focuses on the role of dietary antioxidants such as vitamins and microelements in the prevention of Cr(VI) adverse health effects. Numerous studies have revealed a protective influence of vitamins (mainly vitamins E and C) as well as microelements (especially selenium) on the reduction of Cr(VI)-induced adverse changes. A potential protective effect of these ingredients may be useful in occupational groups that are particularly exposed to Cr(VI). However, more research in this area is required.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had spread worldwide since December 2019 and became a pandemic in March 2020. The diagnosis of an active infection is based on the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from the nasopharyngeal swab specimen. The aim of the current analysis was to assess the usefulness of the rapid serological tests for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections.

The rapid serological tests detecting IgG/IgM antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 were voluntarily performed in asymptomatic employees of 2 companies. The examination was conducted at the date and time selected online by the study participants. The testing team consisted of 2 nurses collecting the samples and 1 doctor who interpreted the results. Each positive rapid test result was verified by an RT-PCR examination from a nasopharyngeal swab. The testing kits named Vazyme 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Detection Kit (Colloidal Gold-Based) were provided by the employer along with the manual and certificates.

The overall interest in testing among employees was below the employer's expectations and reached 30% and 20% in each of the 2 companies, respectively. A total of 516 participants were included in the analysis. Ten positive results of the rapid tests were documented, including 7 for IgM and 3 for IgG antibodies. No positive result was confirmed by the detection of the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 by the RT-PCR examination.

Herein, the authors demonstrated the uselessness of rapid serological tests performed in asymptomatic volunteers for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2)203-9.
Herein, the authors demonstrated the uselessness of rapid serological tests performed in asymptomatic volunteers for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2)203-9.
The burden of stress experienced by dentistry students has been the subject of numerous studies aimed at defining the strongest stressors, and at reducing their intensity to improve the conditions and, consequently, the quality of education. Such studies have never been performed in the conditions of a pandemic caused by a new, unknown coronavirus. Therefore, the objective of the study was to identify the sources of their stress in the course of the studies, with reference to the COVID‑19 pandemic.

A total of 334 dentistry students of the Institute of Dentistry at the Jagiellonian University Medical College were invited to take part in the study. They represented a range from the first to the fifth year of studies in the 2019/2020 academic year. The tool employed in the study was the
(DES) questionnaire and 11 supplementary questions related to the pandemic. The study was carried out on June 1-25, 2020.

The participation rate was 72%. Academic work presented the highest level of stress. A comparison ess resulting from a conflict between the perceived risk of returning to clinical classes and contact with patients due to SARS-CoV-2, and disruptions in the course of clinical education, which they perceived negatively. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2)211-22.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created additional risks to healthcare providers, especially those who perform aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) like endotracheal intubation. Endotracheal intubation is one of the procedures mostly generating aerosol and, therefore, requiring full protection of medical personnel against the infection.

In this paper, basing on a literature review, the recommended intubation procedure is presented together with recommendations for personal protection during intubation. Additionally, a proposal of a simple and cheap protective barrier is described against spreading aerosol outside the intubation area. The aim was to propose a simple and cheap method to increase the safety of medical personnel performing AGPs in patients infected or suspected of being infected with COVID-19, which could be easily introduced into clinical practice.

The presented method is the authors' own idea, based on their experience gathered from working in an operating room. Judging from their clinical experience, the presented method is effective and safe for patients.

Endotracheal intubation is one of the most common AGPs and adequate actions must be taken in order to protect medical personnel against the infection and to prevent the spreading of aerosol around the intubation area. The proposed barrier is easy to set with disposable materials and standard equipment available in every operating room. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2)301-5.
Endotracheal intubation is one of the most common AGPs and adequate actions must be taken in order to protect medical personnel against the infection and to prevent the spreading of aerosol around the intubation area. The proposed barrier is easy to set with disposable materials and standard equipment available in every operating room. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2)301-5.
The present study focused on the relationship between occupational activity and mental health during the first COVID-19 lockdown.

At the turn of May and June 2020, an online survey was conducted on a representative sample of 3000 Poles (age Me = 45 years). Working persons accounted for 52% of the respondents, while 38.1% were hired workers. Two standardized (0-100 pts) indices were defined. The level of mental health symptoms index (LMHSI) concerned the incidence of 4 problems within the past 2 months, whereas the change in mental health symptoms index (CMHSI) concerned the degree of mental health deterioration.

The mean value of LMHSI was 40.91 (SD = 26.97), and that of CMHSI 60.51 (SD = 23.97). In both cases, a worse assessment was obtained among women than among men. In the group of working respondents, the least advantageous results were found among those who worked casually or under a commission contract. Among the non-employed respondents, jobless persons and students were the group at risk. Remote work resulted in the deterioration of mental health in the light of CMHSI; however, a threat of changes in the professional situation affected LMHSI variability to the greatest extent The results of linear regression (R
= 0.339) suggest that the increase in the CMHSI score (adjusted for LMHSI) is independently influenced by female sex, university education, remote work and a threat of the worsening of employment terms. The analysis of the interaction effect showed a stronger impact of the last factor in the group of women (p = 0.001).

To conclude, COVID-19 restrictions were associated with a negative impact on mental health which should be analyzed in the occupational context. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. Sabutoclax 2021;34(2)251-62.
To conclude, COVID-19 restrictions were associated with a negative impact on mental health which should be analyzed in the occupational context. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(2)251-62.Vaccination programmes are one of the public health measures that have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of disease, mortality and associated costs of a large number of communicable diseases. The success of vaccination is due to the use of highly effective and safe products, but also to well-functioning surveillance systems and epidemiological studies realised. Seroprevalence studies or surveys are a powerful assessment tool providing accurate information on the frequency, distribution and dynamics of communicable diseases. More than 20 years have passed since the first study was carried out in Spain, and this second seroprevalence study is essential to know the impact of vaccination programmes and the prevalence of immunity of the general population against immunopreventable diseases and other diseases of public health interest. The pathologies included in the study are poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, invasive meningococcal serogroup C disease, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and D, hepatitis C, hepatitis E and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite the current pandemic, this information can be used by technicians and decision-makers to adjust existing vaccination programmes and contribute to improving the health of the population in our country.
The optimal dosing and monitoring of vancomycin has been largely debated for decades, with key guideline changes for recommended monitoring in 2009 and 2020. Current and past practices for pharmacokinetic dose optimization utilize serum drug assays to guide dose adjustment in order to effectively balance efficacy and the risks of toxicity. These assays detect both bound and unbound serum concentrations. Vancomycin is thought to be 50-55% protein-bound in most cases; however, some variability in this parameter has been previously published. The authors report two cases of abnormal vancomycin pharmacokinetics discovered based on unexpected serum levels during routine clinical care.

Unexpected vancomycin levels, observed during clinical care for two separate patients, were further evaluated to determine the source of the abnormal pharmacokinetics. In case 1, serial dilution was performed to assure that assay interference was not associated with the significant elevation (>100 mg/L). In both cases, samplespected vancomycin pharmacokinetics in the absence of renal dysfunction, an abnormal protein binding profile should be considered. Bound vancomycin may yield elevated serum levels, leading to poorly informed dose adjustments and risk for treatment failure. Given implications for therapeutic drug monitoring and unknown impacts on efficacy and toxicity, further investigations into population incidence and risk factors for abnormal protein binding of vancomycin are warranted.
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