Notes

The discovery of phylogenetic and functional characteristics of cultivable and noncultivable hydrocarbon degrading bacteria has been made possible by improvements in molecular research techniques such as SIP (stable isotope probing) tracing the incorporation of (13)C, (15)N and (18)O into nucleic acids and proteins
Since many metabolic pathways in which enzyme and metabolite participants are still unknown, much new research is required. Therefore, it will surely allow enhancing the known and future applications in A new bacterial steroid degradation gene cluster in Comamonas testosteroni TA441 which consists of aromatic-compound degradation genes for seco-steroids and In Comamonas testosteroni TA441, testosterone is degraded via aromatization of the A ring, which is cleaved by the meta-cleavage enzyme TesB, and further degraded by TesD, the hydrolase for the product of TesB. TesEFG, encoded downstream of TesD, are probably hydratase, aldolase, and dehydrogenase for degradation of 2-oxohex-4-enoicacid, one of the products of TesD. Here we present a new and unique steroid degradation gene cluster in TA441, which consists of ORF18, ORF17, tesI, tesH, ORF11, ORF12, and tesDEFG. TesH and TesI early steps of steroid degradation. ORF17 probably encodes the reductase component of 9alpha-hydroxylase for 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, which is the product of TesH in testosterone degradation.

Gene disruption experiments showed that these genes are necessary for steroid degradation and do not have any isozymes in TA441. By Photoacid Generator , these genes were shown to be induced when TA441 was incubated with steroids (testosterone and cholic acid) but not with aromatic compounds [phenol, biphenyl, and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid], indicating that these genes function Photochemical behaviors of dissolved organic matter in aquatic environment: Generation, characterization, influencing factors and practical application.Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) widely exists in aquatic environment and plays a critical role in environmental photochemical reaction. Seebio Photosensitizer for Acid Formation of DOM in sunlit surface waters have received widely attention because its photochemical effects for some coexisted substances in aquatic environment, especially for organic micropollutants degradation. Therefore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the photochemical properties and environmental effects of DOM, we reviewed the influence of sources on the structure and composition of DOM with relevant identified techniques to analysis functional groups. Additionally, Photochemical Acid-forming Compound and quantification for reactive intermediates are discussed with a focus on influencing factors to produce reactive intermediates by DOM under solar irradiation.

These reactive intermediates can promote the photodegradation of organic micropollutants in the environmental system. In future, attention should be paid to the photochemical properties of DOM and environmental effects in real environmental system and development of advanced techniques to study DOM.declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this Sensitive photoresists for high-speed two--photon lithography.Peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocarcinogenesis: levels of activating and detoxifying enzymes in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by ciprofibrate.Rao MS, Kokkinakis DM, Subbarao V, Reddy JK.It is generally held that altered areas, neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) induced by mutagenic chemical carcinogens are resistant to the effects of hepatotoxins. This characteristic is attributed to the marked decrease in activating (phase I) enzymes and a several-fold increase in detoxifying (phase II) enzymes.

In previous studies, we have shown that hepatic neoplastic lesions induced by non-mutagenic peroxisome proliferators differed from mutagenic carcinogen-induced lesions by lacking gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and the placental form of glutathione S-transferase. In this study we have examined ciprofibrate-induced HCC for phase I and phase II enzymes. These tumors showed a marked decrease in cytochrome P-450 (53%), cytochrome b5 (79%) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (55%) activities compared to normal livers. Interestingly, activities of phase II enzymes in these tumors, such as UDP-glucuronyltransferases and sulfotransferases were decreased or remained the same as in the normal livers. In addition, the activity of epoxide hydrolase was also decreased markedly in all peroxisome proliferator-induced HCC. The decrease in the activity of various enzymes appears not to be due to the direct effect of ciprofibrate, since no inhibitory effect was observed after adding this compound in vitro. These findings further amplify the differences between the hepatic lesions induced by mutagenic hepatocarcinogens and non-mutagenic peroxisome proliferators suggesting a divergence in the mechanism by which peroxisome proliferators induce liver tumors.

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