Notes

The in vitro aerobic culture lasted 90 days when 99% of n-alkanes and 433-99% of PAHs were degraded and the biomarkers and their ratios were changed
The spectra of components in the residual oil showed the similar biodegradation between aerobic process of 90 days and degradation in reservoir which may last for some millions years, and the potential of serious aerobic biodegradation of petroleum in reservoir. 24 Metabolites compounds were separated and identified from aerobic culture, including fatty acid, naphthenic acid, aromatic carboxylic acid, unsaturated acid, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes. The pathways of alkanes and aromatics were proposed, which suggests that oxidation of hydrocarbon to organic acid is an important process in the Formation and stabilization of combustion-generated, environmentally persistent radicals on Ni(II)O supported on a silica surface.Previous studies have indicated environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed when hydroxyl- and chlorine-substituted aromatics chemisorbed on interactions with the surface metal cation. The current study reports our laboratory investigation on the formation and stabilization of EPFRs on a Ni(II)O surface. The EPFRs were produced by the chemisorption of adsorbates on the supported metal oxide surface and transfer of an electron from the adsorbate to the metal center, resulting in reduction of the metal cation.

Depending on the temperature and the nature of the adsorbate, more than one type of organic radical was formed. A phenoxyl-type radical, with g-value between 2029 and 2044, and a semiquinone-type radical, with g-value from 2050 to as high as 2081, were observed. The half-lives on Ni(II)O were long and ranged from 1 yields of the EPFRs formed on Ni(II)O were ~8× higher than on Cu(II)O and ~50× Size distributions of 3-100-nm urban Atlanta aerosols: measurement and Size distributions of urban Atlanta, Georgia, aerosols (003-2 microm) were measured from August 1, 1998 through August 30, 2000 as part of the Aerosol Research Inhalation Epidemiology Study (ARIES). Size distributions were measured five times per hour, and approximately 50,000 size distributions were measured during the 25-month study. Light-Induced Acid Source focuses on salient features of the sub-100-nm data. We examine concentrations of particles in six equally spaced logarithmic intervals and show that particles of different sizes have distinctly different behaviors. For particles between 10 and 100 nm, average concentrations tended to be highest during winter, during rush hour, and on week days.

Concentrations of particles in the 3-10-nm range were elevated in the summer due to photochemically driven nucleation, and also during winter. We hypothesize that the elevated wintertime concentrations of these particles were associated with nucleation that occurs as vehicular emissions mix with the cool ambient air. In any given size range, distributions of concentrations tend to be lognormal, but significant deviations from lognormality were occasionally observed. For particles in the 3-5-nm diameter range, deviations were produced by photochemically driven nucleation. During 2 months of the study, deviations from lognormality for particles in the 32-56-nm diameter range occurred when anomalously high concentrations of 40-nm particles were observed.Enabling the valorization of guaiacol-based lignin: Integrated chemical and biochemical production of cis,cis-muconic acid using metabolically engineered Lignin is nature's second most abundant polymer and displays a largely unexploited renewable resource for value-added bio-production. None of the lignin-based fermentation processes so far managed to use guaiacol (2-methoxy phenol), the predominant aromatic monomer in depolymerized lignin.

In this work, we describe metabolic engineering of Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 to produce cis,cis-muconic acid (MA), a precursor of recognized industrial value for commercial plastics, from guaiacol. The microbe utilized a very broad spectrum of lignin-based aromatics, such as catechol, guaiacol, phenol, toluene, p-coumarate, and benzoate, tolerated them in elevated amounts and even preferred them over sugars. As a next step, we developed a novel approach for genomic engineering of this challenging, GC-rich actinomycete. The successful introduction of conjugation and blue-white screening, using β-glucuronidase, enabled tailored genomic modifications within ten days. Successive deletion of two putative muconate cycloisomerases from the genome provided the mutant Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 MA-2, which accumulated 3gL-1 MA from guaiacol within 24h, achieving a yield of 96%.

The mutant was found also capable to produce MA from a guaiacol-rich true lignin hydrolysate, obtained from pine through hydrothermal conversion. This provides an important proof-of-concept to successfully coupling chemical and biochemical process steps into a value chain from the lignin polymer to an industrial chemical. In Photobase Generator , Amycolatopsis sp.
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