Notes

Conventional(adj)
opposite: unconventional
synonym: traditional

*tending to follow what is done or considered acceptable by society in general; normal and ordinary, and perhaps not very interesting / geleneksel,muhafazakâr, tutucu, değişime açık olmayan

-She's very conventional in her views. / Görüşlerinde çok geleneksel.
-conventional behaviour/morality
-He turned out to be a very conventional young man. / Çok geleneksel bir genç adam olduğu ortaya çıktı.
-You can use a microwave or cook it in a conventional oven.
-He said that she doesn't care about what you are talking because she is conventional.




preserve(verb)

*to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed / korumak

-We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities. / Tesisleri geliştirirken kasabanın karakterini de korumak istiyoruz.
-You can wander around colonial cities that have preserved the legacy of the Spanish. / İspanyolların mirasını koruyan kolonyal şehirlerde dolaşabilirsiniz.



legacy(noun)

*something that is a part of your history or that remains from an earlier time / miras

-The company aimed to build a legacy of environmental sustainability through its innovative practices. / Şirket, yenilikçi uygulamalarıyla çevresel sürdürülebilirlik konusunda bir miras oluşturmayı hedeflemiştir.
-The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature.
-You can wander around colonial cities that have preserved the legacy of the Spanish.



spectacular(adj)
synonym: breathtaking

*very impressive,especially great

-He scored a spectacular goal in the second half.
-Peru also has some of the most spectacular and varied scenery in South America.
-We've had spectacular success with the product. / Ürünle olağanüstü bir başarı elde ettik.
-Your start-up idea is spectacular.




scenery(noun)
synonyms: landscape

*the natural features of an area, such as mountains, valleys, rivers and forests, when you are thinking about them being attractive to look at

-The scenery is magnificent.
-They stopped at the top of the hill to admire the scenery. / Manzarayı seyretmek için tepenin zirvesinde durdular.
-Peru also has some of the most spectacular and varied scenery in South America.




occupy(verb)

*to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time / işgal etmek, meşgul etmek, bir yerde bulunmak veya zaman harcamak, kaplamak

-The army decided to occupy the city to maintain control in the region.
-Her hobbies occupy much of her free time; she enjoys painting and hiking.
-There is also the Amazon Basin, which occupies half of Peru. / Bir de Peru'nun yarısını kaplayan Amazon Havzası var.
-A large couch occupies most of the space in the living room.




conduct(verb)

*to organize and perform a particular activity / düzenlemek, yürütmek, yapmak, uygulamak

-We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service.
-The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.
-How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business!
-The negotiations have been conducted in a positive manner. / Müzakereler olumlu bir şekilde yürütülmüştür.
-They conduct workshops on topics such as women's legal rights.
-She said that she didn't want a lawyer and was going to conduct her own defence.



preliminary(adj)
synonym: initial

*coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it / başlangıç, ilk, ön, giriş


-Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed by further medical trials. / Ön sonuçlar aşının etkili olduğunu göstermektedir, ancak bunun daha ileri tıbbi deneylerle doğrulanması gerekmektedir.
-We've decided to change the design based on our preliminary findings. / Ön bulgularımıza dayanarak tasarımı değiştirmeye karar verdik.
-After a few preliminary remarks he announced the winners. / Birkaç ön konuşmanın ardından kazananları açıkladı.



vulnerable(adj)

*able to be easily physically or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked / savunmasız, ruhsal ve fiziksel olarak kolaylıkla incinebilir/kırılabilir/yaralanabilir

-It is on economic policy that the government is most vulnerable. / Hükümetin en kırılgan olduğu konu ekonomi politikasıdır.
-Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid.
-These offices are highly vulnerable to terrorist attack.
-The virus attacks the immune system, leaving your body vulnerable to infections.
-You are being vulnerable when you are abroad.



fragile(adj)

*A fragile object is easily damaged or broken

*"fragile" kelimesi, bir şeyin kolayca zarar görebileceği veya kırılabileceği anlamını taşır. Bu kelime genellikle bir şeyin dayanıklı olmadığını veya dikkatli bir şekilde ele alınması gerektiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır.

-Some of the more fragile items are kept in a locked case./ Daha kırılgan olan bazı eşyalar kilitli bir kutuda muhafaza edilmektedir.
-"The fragile ecosystem of the region is threatened by pollution." (Bölgenin kırılgan ekosistemi, kirlilikle tehdit altında.)
-"Be careful with that vase; it's very fragile." (Şu vazoya dikkat et; çok kırılgan.)
-"Her feelings are fragile after the recent breakup." (Onun duyguları, yakın zamandaki ayrılıktan sonra kırılgan.)



delicate(adj)

*needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged

*"Delicate" kelimesi, bir şeyin hassas veya narin olduğunu belirtirken, genellikle dikkatli bir şekilde ele alınması veya korunması gerektiğini vurgular. Bu kelime, hem fiziksel nesnelerin hem de insanların durumlarını tanımlamak için kullanılabilir.


-"Be careful with the delicate china plates." (Hassas Çin tabaklarına dikkat et.)
-"She has a delicate constitution and gets sick easily." (O, hassas bir yapıya sahip ve kolayca hastalanıyor.)
-"The delicate operation required precision and skill." (Hassas operasyon, hassasiyet ve beceri gerektirdi.)


drought(noun)

*a long period when there is little or no rain / kuraklık

-A severe drought ruined the crops.
-Farmers are facing ruin after two years of severe drought.
-England has had several summer droughts in recent years.



flood(noun)

*a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry / sel, ayrıca sel basmak

-There have been delays to filming as a result of the floods. / Sel felaketi nedeniyle çekimlerde gecikmeler yaşandı.
-The heavy rain has caused floods in many parts of the country.
- If the pipe bursts it could flood the whole house. / Eğer boru patlarsa tüm evi su basabilir.



drastic(adj)
synonyms: radical, severe, extreme, intense, profound
*(especially of actions) severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects / esaslı, ani, sert, güçlü, şiddetli, etkili

-The government is threatening to take drastic action. /Hükümet sert önlemler almakla tehdit ediyor.
-In the desert there’s a drastic change in temperature from day to night. / Çölde gündüzden geceye sıcaklıkta ciddi bir değişim olur.



profound(adj)

*felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way / çok büyük, derin, esaslı

-The war had a profound impact on people's lives.
-His mother's death when he was aged six had a very profound effect on him.
-Those two lines of poetry express perfectly the profound sadness of loss. / Bu iki şiir dizesi, kaybın derin hüznünü mükemmel bir şekilde ifade etmektedir.
-My grandfather has a profound mistrust of anything new or foreign. / Büyükbabamın yeni ya da yabancı olan her şeye karşı derin bir güvensizliği vardır.



address(verb)

*to think about a problem or a situation and decide how you are going to deal with it /Bir sorunu ele almak veya çözmek, düzeltmek
*to speak or write to someone / biriyle konuşmak veya dinleyici kitlesine hitap etmek, seslenmek

-He addressed a few introductory remarks to the audience. / İzleyicilere birkaç giriş konuşması yaptı.
-He likes to be addressed as "Sir" or "Mr Partridge".
-The President has been asked to address the assembly. / Başkan'dan meclise hitap etmesi istenmiştir.

-The issue of funding has yet to be addressed. / Finansman konusu henüz ele alınmamıştır.
-They are guilty of a cowardly failure to address the problem. / Sorunu ele almakta korkakça başarısız oldukları için suçludurlar.
-He needs to address the mistakes in his report before submitting it. / (Raporundaki hataları düzeltmesi gerekiyor.) / address: fix, correct, rectify
-The government needs to address the issue of poverty. / (Hükümet yoksulluk sorununu ele almalıdır.) / address: tackle, confront,deal with



petition(verb,noun)

*a document that has been signed by a lot of people officially asking someone in authority to do something / dilekçe, dilekçe vermek


-Will you sign this petition against experiments on animals? / Hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan deneylere karşı bu dilekçeyi imzalayacak mısınız?
-She asked me to sign the petition.w
-The workers are getting up (= starting) a petition for tighter safety standards. / İşçiler daha sıkı güvenlik standartları için bir imza kampanyası başlatıyor (=başlatıyor).



defect(noun)
synonym: flaw, fault

*a fault or problem with someone or something / kusur, eksik

-A mechanical defect caused the plane to crash.
-Goods with slight defects are sold at half price. / Hafif kusurlu mallar yarı fiyatına satılır.
-The book contains serious defects.
-The inspector found defects in the aircraft's construction. / Müfettiş uçağın yapımında kusurlar bulmuştur.



closeness(noun)

*yakınlık; sıkılık; havasızlık; cimrilik, ağzı sıkılık

-The closeness of the beach is one the hotel’s major attractions.
-She suffered from a lack of emotional closeness. / Duygusal yakınlık eksikliğinden muzdaripti.
-Jefferson always felt a closeness to the land and to a rural way of life. / Jefferson her zaman toprağa ve kırsal bir yaşam tarzına yakınlık hissetmiştir.



method(noun)

*a way of doing something, often one that involves a system or plan / yöntem, teknik, tarz, usül

-What's the best method of/for solving this problem?
-traditional teaching methods
-I don’t like his methods of training workers. / Çalışanları eğitme yöntemlerini beğenmiyorum.



reduction(noun)

*the act of reducing something / kısma, indirim, azaltma, eksiltme

-She refused to accept a reduction in wages.
-The government promised a reduction in prices later.
-This year has seen a 33% reduction in the number of hospital beds available. / Bu yıl mevcut hastane yatağı sayısında %33'lük bir azalma görülmüştür.



prerequisite(noun)

*something that is necessary in order for something else to happen or exist/ ön koşul, ön şart, ilk şart

-Trust is a prerequisite for any sort of relationship.
-An interest in children is (a) prerequisite for a teacher. / Çocuklara ilgi duymak bir öğretmen için (a) ön koşuldur.
-prerequisite knowledge



misconception(noun)

*an understanding of something that is wrong / yanlış kanı/anlama/yorumlama

-It's a common misconception that older workers cannot learn to use new technology.
-It is a common misconception that the director did not like rehearsing with his actors. / Yönetmenin oyuncularıyla prova yapmaktan hoşlanmadığı yaygın bir yanılgıdır.
-Their views are based on misconception and prejudice.




sort out(verb)
synonyms: figure out, resolve, manage, organize, settle
*to correct, improve, solve etc / to organize something successfully / yoluna koymak, düzeltmek
*to separate (one lot or type of) things from a general mixture / seçip ayırmak

-You must sort out your business affairs. / İş işlerini halletmelisin.
-If you're going to the bus station, can you sort out the tickets for tomorrow? / Eğer otobüs terminaline gideceksen, yarın için biletleri ayarlayabilir misin?
-It was obvious we couldn't cope, but who on earth could we rely on to sort us out? / Başa çıkamayacağımız belliydi, ama bizi kurtarması için kime güvenebilirdik?
-We need to sort out our camping gear before we go away.
-Have you sorted out where you’re going to live yet? / Nerede yaşayacağınıza karar verdiniz mi?

-I’ve sorted out the papers that can be thrown away.
-First, sort the white things out from the other clothes.




anticipate(verb)

*to expect something / merakla beklemek, ummak

-We don't anticipate any major problems.
-Our anticipated arrival time is 8.30.
-The eagerly anticipated movie will be released next month. / Merakla beklenen film önümüzdeki ay vizyona girecek.
-We anticipate that prices will fall next year.




eradicate(verb)
synonym: wipe out,eliminate, exterminate

*to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad / yok etmek, kökünü kazımak/kurutmak

-Diphtheria has been virtually eradicated in the United States. / Difteri Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde neredeyse tamamen ortadan kaldırılmıştır.
-We are determined to eradicate racism from our sport. / Irkçılığı sporumuzdan söküp atmaya kararlıyız.
-the eradication of weeds / yabani otların yok edilmesi



exterminate(verb)

*to kill all the members of a group of people or animals

-Fur seals were nearly exterminated a few years ago. / Kürklü foklar birkaç yıl önce neredeyse yok edilmişti.
-Rats must be exterminated from a building or they will cause disease. / Sıçanlar bir binadan yok edilmelidir, aksi takdirde hastalığa neden olurlar.
-The sheer scale of these mass exterminations is horrifying. / Bu kitlesel imhaların büyüklüğü dehşet vericidir.




remark(noun)
remark(verb)

*something that you say / söz, lâf, beyan
*to say something / söylemek, demek

-He made a remark about her clothes.
-He remarked that she was looking thin. / Onun zayıf göründüğünü belirtti.
-He began his remarks with a prayer. /Sözlerine bir dua ile başladı.
-The remark provoked an angry response from the crowd. / Bu sözler kalabalığın öfkeli tepkisine yol açtı.




remarkable(adj)

*very unusual or noticeable in a way that you admire / dikkate değer, olağanüstü

-Meeting you here in Rome is a remarkable coincidence. / Sizinle burada, Roma'da karşılaşmak olağanüstü bir tesadüf.
-She has remarkable powers of observation. / Olağanüstü bir gözlem gücü var.
-We witnessed a remarkable chain of events in eastern Europe in 1989. / 1989'da Doğu Avrupa'da olağanüstü bir olaylar zincirine tanık olduk.
-They were remarkably calm after the crash.



outstanding(adj)

*extremely good; excellent

-That was a quite outstanding performance!
-She's one of their most outstanding young players.
-They attribute their outstanding success to their parents' unfailing support. / Üstün başarılarını ailelerinin sonsuz desteğine bağlıyorlar.
-It's an area of outstanding natural beauty. / Burası olağanüstü doğal güzelliklere sahip bir bölge.



disease/sickness/disorder(mental)

*an illness affecting humans, animals or plants, often caused by infection

-In 19th century England, infectious diseases were the principal cause of death.
-chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes




initiate(verb)
synonym:set/put in motion, launch, embark on, begin

*(formal) to make something begin

-to initiate legal proceedings against somebody
-The government has initiated a programme of economic reform. / Hükümet bir ekonomik reform programı başlatmıştır.
-He initiated a national debate on reform. / Reform konusunda ulusal bir tartışma başlattı.
-The council initiates its own studies and carries out research at the request of private organizations. / Konsey kendi çalışmalarını başlatır ve özel kuruluşların talebi üzerine araştırmalar yürütür.
-Extensive tests have been carried out on the patient. / Hasta üzerinde kapsamlı testler yapılmıştır.


carry out(phrasal verb)
synonyms: execute, perform, accomplish, implement, conduct

*to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do / uygulamak, yapmak, yerine getirmek

-The team will carry out the project according to the specified timeline. / (Ekip, belirtilen zaman çerçevesine göre proje çalışmasını tamamlayacak.)
-He carried out the plan.
-"It's important to carry out the instructions precisely." (Talimatları tam olarak yerine getirmek önemlidir.)
-"The scientists carried out/conducted experiments to test their hypothesis." (Bilim insanları, hipotezlerini test etmek için deneyler yaptılar.)


execute(verb)

*to do or perform something, especially in a planned way / yapmak, icra etmek, yerine getirmek
*"Execute" kelimesi, bir planı, stratejiyi, talimatı veya görevi yerine getirme anlamında kullanılır. Bu ifade, bir işi uygulama, bir görevi tamamlama veya bir eylemi gerçekleştirme anlamına gelir. Bu örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, kelime farklı bağlamlarda kullanılarak çeşitli anlamlar kazanabilir.

-"The CEO decided to execute major changes in the company's policies." (CEO, şirketin politikalarında önemli değişiklikler yapmaya karar verdi.)
-"The company plans to execute the new marketing strategy next month." (Şirket, yeni pazarlama stratejisini önümüzdeki ay uygulamayı planlıyor.)
-to execute a deal/plan
-The whole play was executed with great precision. / Tüm oyun büyük bir hassasiyetle sahnelendi.
-The crime was very cleverly executed. / Suç çok zekice işlenmiş.



renovate(verb)
synonyms: recreate ,reproduce, revive, restore, refresh

-He renovates old houses and sells them at a profit.
-They spent the summer renovating a farmhouse in Kent.




inventor(noun)

*someone who designs and makes new things / mucit, bulucu

-Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor of the telephone.
-He made a career as an inventor of quick-selling gadgets. / Hızlı satan cihazların mucidi olarak kariyer yaptı.



smuggle(verb)

*to take something into or out of a place in an illegal or secret way / kaçakçılık yapmak; kaçak olarak sokmak/çıkarmak

-He was arrested for smuggling cocaine into Britain.
-He was caught smuggling (several thousand cigarettes through the Customs).
-I smuggled some food out of the kitchen.
-He managed to smuggle a gun into the prison.
-We do not yet know how the bomb was smuggled abroad.




cultivate(verb)
cutlvation(noun)

*to prepare land and grow crops on it / toprağı işlemek, ekip biçmek, sürüp ekmek
*to try to develop or improve something / bir şeyi geliştirmek, ilerletmek

*tarım

-the cultivation of mushrooms
-This shrub is cultivated in Europe as a herb used in cooking.
-He cultivates mushrooms in the cellar.


-She has cultivated an image as a tough negotiator.



reveal(verb)

*to make something known to somebody

-Her expression revealed nothing. / İfadesi hiçbir şey ortaya çıkarmadı.
-A series of flashbacks reveal the details of the tragedy. / Bir dizi geri dönüş trajedinin ayrıntılarını ortaya koyuyor.
-His shirt came up at the back, revealing an expanse of white skin. / Gömleği arkadan geldi ve beyaz bir ten ortaya çıktı.
-All their secrets have been revealed. /Bütün sırları açığa çıktı.




consistent(adj)
consistently(adv)

*always behaving or happening in a similar, usually positive, way / tutarlı, istikrarlı
*düzenli olarak

-consistent effort/improvement / tutarlı çaba / gelişim
-His account of events is entirely consistent with the video evidence. / Olayları anlatışı video kanıtlarıyla tamamen tutarlı.
-The President has consistently denied the rumours.
-He was consistent in his attitude. / Tavrında tutarlıydı.

*To do something constantly is to do it without stopping. To do something consistently means to do it the same way every time you do it



envy(verb)

*the feeling that you wish you had something that someone else has / kıskançlık, gıpta, imrenme
*to wish that you had something that someone else has / gıpta etmek, kıskanmak, imrenmek

-I watched with envy as he climbed into his brand new sports car.
-Her new office was the envy of the whole company. / Yeni ofisi tüm şirketin kıskançlığıydı.
-I envy her good looks.
- I don't envy him that job.



persuade(verb)

*to make someone agree to do something by talking to them a lot about it / ikna etmek, razı etmek, inandırmak

-We managed to persuade him to come with us.
-I persuaded her that it was the right thing to do.
-We eventually persuaded him that we were serious. / Sonunda onu ciddi olduğumuza ikna ettik.




insist(verb)

*to say firmly that something is true, especially when other people do not believe you / ısrar/inat etmek, direnmek, diretmek

-Mia insisted that she and Carlo were just friends.
-The school insists on good behaviour from its students. / Okul, öğrencilerinin iyi davranışları konusunda ısrar ediyor.
- Frank insisted on doing all the work himself. / Frank tüm işi kendisi yapmakta ısrar etti.
-He insists that I was to blame for the accident. / Kazadan benim sorumlu olduğumu ısrar ediyor.




ambiguous(adj)

*having more than one possible meaning / çok anlamlı, zor anlaşılan, karmaşık

-an ambiguous statement
-‘After the cat caught the mouse, it died’ is an ambiguous statement because it is unclear whether ‘it’ refers to the cat or the mouse. / ’Kedi fareyi yakaladıktan sonra öldü' belirsiz bir ifadedir çünkü ‘fareyi mi yoksa kediyi mi ifade ettiği belirsizdir.
-Her account was deliberately ambiguous. / Hesabı kasıtlı olarak belirsizdi.
-It is for the jury to decide what an ambiguous statement was intended to mean. / Belirsiz bir ifadenin ne anlama geldiğine jüri karar vermelidir.




embark on
synonyms: engage, start,initiate, enter

*​(formal) to start to do something new or difficult

-She is about to embark on a diplomatic career.
-Remember these basic rules before embarking upon major home improvements. / Büyük ev iyileştirmelerine başlamadan önce bu temel kuralları unutmayın.
-She has already embarked on her studies.
-She embarked on a new career.




plentiful(adj)

*If something is plentiful, there is a lot of it available. / bol, pek çok, ziadesiyle

-a plentiful supply of meat / bol miktarda et kaynağı
-In those days jobs were plentiful. / O günlerde işler boldu.



scarce(adj)
synonyms: limited, few
opposinent: plentiful

*rare or not available in large amounts / nadir, yetersiz, az, kıt

-scarce resources
-At this time of the year, food is scarce. / Yılın bu zamanında yiyecek kıttır.
-Resources are a little scarce around here lately. / Son zamanlarda kaynaklarımız kısıtlıydı.



voluntary(adj)

*Voluntary work is done without being paid and usually involves helping people. / gönüllü
*done or given because you want to and not because you have been forced to / isteğe bağlı, ihtiyarî
-She does voluntary work for the Red Cross
-voluntary organizations
-voluntary contributions



obligatory(adj)
compulsory(adj)
synonyms: mandatory

*If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule, or because everyone else does it.
zorunlu, mecburi

-obligatory military service
-Attendance at tonight’s meeting is obligatory.
-It is obligatory to report all cases of the disease to the authorities. / Hastalığın tüm vakalarını yetkililere bildirmek zorunludur.
-These classes are obligatory for all first-year students.

-There is no compulsory education in this part of Africa.
-English is a compulsory subject at this level.
-Is it compulsory for me to attend the class?




feasible(adj)
synonym: practicable


*that is possible and likely to be achieved

-It's just not feasible to manage the business on a part-time basis. / İşi yarı zamanlı olarak yönetmek mümkün değildir.
-It's perfectly feasible to produce electricity without creating pollution. / Kirlilik yaratmadan elektrik üretmek tamamen mümkündür.
-The treatment has not proved feasible. / Tedavinin uygulanabilir olduğu kanıtlanmamıştır.
-At first this did not seem like a feasible suggestion.
-It really is not feasible due to time constraints. / Zaman kısıtlamaları nedeniyle gerçekten mümkün değildir.

-The only practicable alternative is to postpone the meeting. / Uygulanabilir tek alternatif toplantıyı ertelemektir.
-It's just not practicable to travel in this weather.
-a practicable plan


constraint(noun)
synonyms:restriction ▪ control ▪ constraint ▪ restraint ▪ limitation

*something that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits

-Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing new staff. / Şirket üzerindeki finansal kısıtlamalar, yeni personel istihdam etmelerini engelliyor.
-There are constraints on the medicines doctors can prescribe. / Doktorların reçete edebileceği ilaçlar üzerinde kısıtlamalar vardır.
-This decision will impose serious constraints on all schools
-budget constraints
-It really is not feasible due to time constfraints. / Zaman kısıtlamaları nedeniyle gerçekten mümkün değildir.,



destined(adj)
be destined for sth; be destined to do sth

*(having a future) organized or arranged beforehand (by a person or by fate) / kaderinde var, alnına yazılmış

-She was destined for success.
-She was destined for a brilliant future.
-We seem destined never to meet. / Kaderimizde hiç karşılaşmamak varmış gibi görünüyor.
- He was destined for a military career, like his father before him.



consult(verb)
consult with somebody (about/on something)
consult somebody about something

*to get information or advice from a person, book, etc. with special knowledge on a particular subject / danışmak, fikir sormak/araştırmak, başvurmak

-If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor.
-"He decided to consult a financial advisor before making any investments." (Herhangi bir yatırım yapmadan önce bir finansal danışmana danışmaya karar verdi.)
-"The team will consult with experts to find a solution to the problem." (Ekip, problem için bir çözüm bulmak için uzmanlarla görüşecek.)
-"Before making a decision, it's wise to consult different sources for information." (Bir karar vermeden önce, bilgi almak için farklı kaynaklarla danışmak akıllıcadır.)