Notes

Result Length Mannuronic Blocks
When AlgE4, AlgE6, and AlgE1 enzymes are used for the epimerization of oxidized KGM, the reaction products differ significantly both in the proportion and in the distribution of the mannuronic and guluronic residues. In epimerized KGM derivatives, a careful deconvolution of (1)H spectra allows the measurement of the degree of epimerization. In the case of KGME1 and KGME6, the average blocks length, N(G), of the guluronic blocks introduced in the polysaccharidic chain with the epimerization has also been calculated. Due to the shortness of mannuronic blocks in the oxidized KGM before the epimerization, N(G) in the epimerized compounds is also very low.Stereoselective synthesis of α-linked 2-deoxy glycosides enabled by visible-light-mediated reductive deiodination-Deoxy sugars and their derivatives occur abundantly in many pharmaceutically important natural products. However, the construction of specific 2-deoxy-glycosidic bonds remains as a challenge.

Herein, we report an efficient way to prepare 2-deoxy-α-glycosides by glycosylation of 2-iodo-glycosyl acetate and subsequent visible-light-mediated tin-free reductive deiodination. We have successfully applied the postglycosylational-deiodination strategy in the synthesis of more than mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentadeoxysaccharides with excellent stereoselectivity and efficiency. This method has also been applied to the synthesis of a 2-deoxy-tetrasaccharide containing four Effects of polysaccharide isolated from Streptococcus thermophilus CRL11 on Marcial G(1), Messing J, Menchicchi B, Goycoolea FM, Faller G, Graciela Fde V, Phytochemistry (IPBP), Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de EPS11 was isolated from skim milk fermented with Stretococcus thermophilus CRL11. 2'-Fucose lactose consisted of 33% glucose and 66% galactose with 1,4- and 1,4,6-galactose residues as main building blocks beside a high amount of 1,4-linked glucose. The polymer was characterized additionally concerning viscosity and zeta potential. EPS11 stimulated cellular vitality and proliferation of human stomach AGS cells and human buccal KB cells significantly. EPS11 stimulated phagocytosis rate of murine macrophages RAW264 significantly.

NO-release or anti-inflammatory effects by inhibition of LPS-induced NO release were not observed. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that EPS11 is partially internalized into AGS cells via endosomes. The bioadhesive absorption of FITC-labeled EPS11 into the mucus layer on the apical side of the epithelium using histological tissue sections from human stomach was observed. Specific interaction of EPS11 with mucin can be excluded as shown by microviscosimetry studies. EPS11 increased the adhesion of H. pylori to AGS cells, which resulted in increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNFa, IL-6 and IL-8. Summarizing, EPS11 seems to stimulate epithelial cell regeneration and immunological innate defense mechanisms, which again can rationalized the use of this polysaccharide as cytoprotective compound High-performance reversed-phase chromatographic mapping of 2-pyridylamino derivatives of xyloglucan oligosaccharides.

Xyloglucan oligosaccharides from cotton cell walls and tamarind seeds were derivatized with 2-aminopyridine and subsequently separated by reversed-phase chromatography (r.p.c.) using an octadecylsilyl silica stationary phase and aqueous-organic eluents with1% (vv) trifluoroacetic acid. The chromatographic behavior of the 2-pyridylamino derivatives of xyloglucan oligosaccharides was examined under a wide range of elution conditions, including gradient steepness and shape, initial acetonitrile concentration in the eluent, and pore size of the r.p.c.

packings. Relatively steep acetonitrile gradients resulted in poor resolution of the different xyloglucan fragments, which is believed to be the result of acetonitrile-induced conformational changes. Under these circumstances the elution order of the derivatized xyloglucan oligosaccharides was such that the smaller fragments eluted from the column before the larger ones. R.p.c. packing with a -A pore size necessitated relatively high acetonitrile concentration in the eluent when compared with 0-A stationary phase.

The r.p.c. mapping of 2-pyridylamino derivatives of xyloglucan oligosaccharides was best achieved when both a wide-pore octadecyl-silyl silica stationary phase and a shallow gradient with consecutive linear segments of increasing acetonitrile concentration in the eluent were employed. This combination yielded rapid r.p.c.

maps of the xyloglucan fragments from different sources with high separation efficiencies and concomitantly high resolution.
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