Notes

The Children's Crusade, or Children's March, was a march by over 5,000 school students in Birmingham, Alabama on May 2–10, 1963. Initiated and organised by Rev. James Bevel, the purpose of the march was to walk downtown to talk to the mayor about segregation in their city. Many children left their schools and were arrested, set free, and then arrested again the next day. The marches were stopped by the head of police, Bull Connor, who brought fire hoses to ward off the children and set police dogs after the children. This event forced President John F. Kennedy to publicly support federal civil rights and eventually lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Although the Civil Rights Movement had been active under Dr. Martin Luther King's leadership, little progress was being made following the dramatic gains of 1960 and 1961. After some major legal victories, the movement was beginning to stop. President Kennedy supported civil rights but held back from introducing his own bill and King was running out of options. He looked to Birmingham where African Americans lived segregated and in fear as second class citizens. In January 1963, Dr. King arrived to organise nonviolent protests such as marches and sit-ins. The goal was to get a reaction from the racist officials that would not only spotlight the injustice of the south but gain national attention and support.However, authorities adapted to his nonviolent approach. Drastic measures were then taken by SCLC's (southern christian leadership conference) James Bevel before Dr. King abandoned Birmingham. During the march the real south showed its ugly side, giving Dr. King and the Civil Rights Movement the jolt and leverage it needed to accomplish its ultimate goal.As a result of this SCLC demonstration, Birmingham moved towards desegregation – but what was shown on television across America in Birmingham was shocking to the president, J F Kennedy, and helped to bring the 1964 Civil Rights Act.