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Skin:
1. epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
2. dermis (loose areolar and dense irregular CT)
3. hypodermis (adipose CT)
Epidermis- synthesizes vitamin D derived from cholesterol
1. stratum corneum- dead skin cells
2. stratum lucidum- thick skin only
3. stratum granulosum- stained granules; APOPTOSIS
4. stratum spinosum- cells look flat; most prominent layer
5. stratum basale- stem cells
Bone Cells
1. osteogenic cell- stem cell
2. osteoblast- builds bone
3. osteocyte- maintains bone
4. osteoclast- eats bone (macrophages)
Calcium Homeostasis
1. PTH- increases bone resorption, decreases Ca in urine, indirectly increases Ca absorption in gut (by having kidneys produce calcitriol)
2. calcitriol- decreases Ca in urine, increases Ca absorption in gut
3. calcitonin- inhibits bone resorption
Bone ossification
1. intramembranous- flat bones (i.e. sternum/clavicle), mesenchyme --> bone
2. endochondral- all other bones, mesenchyme --> cartilage --> bone
Skeletal Muscle Organization
1. myofilament- myosin (thick, contractile) + actin (MBS, contractile), tropomyosin (thin, regulatory) + troponin (thin, regulatory), titin (structural)
2. sarcomere- z disc to z disc
3. myofibril- multiple sarcomeres/myofilaments lined up end to end
4. muscle fiber- wrapped in endomysium; multiple myofibrils
5. muscle fascicle- wrapped in perimysium; multiple muscle fibers
6. muscle- wrapped in epimysium; multiple muscle fascicles
7. tendon- extension of endo, peri, and epi myseums
Muscle Contraction Process
1. AP causes voltage-gated Ca channels to open on neuron synaptic bulb
2. Calcium floods into bulb, causing vescicles to release neurotransmitters ACh
3. ACh crosses synaptic cleft to post-synapticmembrane
4. ACh binds to ligand-gated Na channels, causing Na to flood into sarcolemma
5. Action potential travels down T-tubules
6. Terminal cisternae of SR releases Ca
7. Ca binds to troponin complex, causing it to rotate
6. Phosphorus leaves myosin head as the head attaches to MBS
7. ADP detaches as head moves from 90 degrees to 45 degrees, pulling thin filaments in toward the m line
8. ATP attaches to myosin head, causing head to detach from MBS
9. ATP hydrolyzes, turning it into ADP + Phosphorus + energy in head of myosin, and re-"cocks" myosin head
10. Ca leaves system
11. MBS covered as troponin complex rotates back
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