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Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) has the potential to be an alternative approach to atomic force microscopy based scanning probe lithography techniques, which have limitations in high-speed and large-scale patterning. However, traditional donor slides limit the resolution and chemical flexibility of LIFT. Here, a hematite nanolayer absorber for donor slides to achieve high-resolution transfers down to sub-femtoliters is proposed. Being wettable by both aqueous and organic solvents, this new donor significantly increases the chemical scope for the LIFT process. For parallel amino acid coupling reactions, the patterning resolution can now be increased more than five times (>111 000 spots cm- 2 for hematite donor vs 20 000 spots cm- 2 for standard polyimide donor) with even faster scanning (2 vs 6 ms per spot). Due to the increased chemical flexibility, other types of reactions inside ultrasmall polymer reactors: copper (I) catalyzed click chemistry and laser-driven oxidation of a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative, suggesting the potential of LIFT for both deposition of chemicals, and laser-driven photochemical synthesis in femtoliters within milliseconds can be explored.

Since the hematite shows no damage after typical laser transfer, donors can be regenerated by heat treatment. These findings will transform the LIFT process into an automatable, precise, and highly efficient technology for A stochastic model of an ozonation reactor.Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Duebendorf, Switzerland. Disinfection of some microorganisms is characterized by a lag-phase (a minimum required ozone exposure until disinfection occurs). This phenomenon is easy to model in laboratory batch reactors but not in continuous flow mixed reactors. Applications of 6-butyl-n-hydroxynaphthimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in Cross-Coupling Reactions introduces a stochastic disinfection model where individual microorganisms are followed on their paths through full-scale reactors. Combining exponentially distributed transport processes with delayed exponential disinfection kinetics for large populations of microorganisms (up to 10,000 individuals) yields predictions which can be evaluated statistically.

Characterization and Spectroscopic Analysis of 6-butyl-n-hydroxynaphthimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid could be shown that deterministic models work well for systems with good disinfection performance (more than 2 log units reduction of active microorganisms), for reactors with poor performance stochastic models have to be applied. It could be demonstrated for real reactors that Bacillus subtilis spores are poor surrogates for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The differences between the two microorganisms are large for reactors that deviate significantly from plug-flow Direct PCR sequencing with boronated nucleotides.A method is described to simultaneously amplify and sequence DNA using a new class of nucleotides containing boron. During the polymerase chain reaction, boron-modified nucleotides, i.e. 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-alpha-[P-borano]-triphosphates, are incorporated into the product DNA.

The boranophosphate linkages are resistant to nucleases and thus the positions of the boranophosphates can be revealed by exonuclease digestion, thereby generating a set of fragments that defines the DNA sequence. The boranophosphate method offers an alternative to current PCR sequencing methods. Single-sided primer extension with dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is avoided, with the consequence that the sequencing fragments are derived directly from the original PCR products. Boranophosphate sequencing is demonstrated with the Pharmacia and the Applied Biosystems 373A automatic sequencers, producing data that is Insights Into the Micelle-Induced β-Hairpin-to-α-Helix Transition of a LytA-Derived Peptide by Photo-CIDNP Spectroscopy.Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.

A choline-binding module from pneumococcal LytA autolysin, LytA239-252, was reported to have a highly stable nativelike β-hairpin in aqueous solution, which turns into a stable amphipathic α-helix in the presence of micelles. Here, we aim to obtain insights into this DPC-micelle triggered β-hairpin-to-α-helix conformational transition using photo-CIDNP NMR experiments. 6-butyl-n-hydroxynaphthimide trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution illustrate the dependency between photo-CIDNP phenomena and the light intensity in the sample volume, showing that the use of smaller-diameter (2 mm) NMR tubes instead of the conventional 5 mm ones enables more efficient illumination for our laser-diode light setup. Photo-CIDNP experiments reveal different solvent accessibility for the two tyrosine residues, Y249 and Y250, the latter being less accessible to the solvent. The cross-polarization effects of these two tyrosine residues of LytA239-252 allow for deeper insights and evidence their different behavior, showing that the Y250 aromatic side chain is involved in a stronger interaction with DPC micelles than Y249 is. These results can be interpreted in terms of the DPC micelle disrupting the aromatic stacking between W241 and Y250 present in the nativelike β-hairpin, hence initiating conversion towards the α-helix structure. Our photo-CIDNP methodology represents a powerful tool for observing residue-level information in switch peptides that is difficult to obtain by other spectroscopic techniques.
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