Notes

SCIENCE
•Knowledge as distinguished from ignorance
or misunderstanding.
•Knowledge or a system of knowledge
covering general truths or the operation of
general laws especially as obtained and
tested through scientific method.
•The intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the
structure and behavior of the physical and
natural world through observation and
experiment.

TECHNOLOGY
•Collection of techniques, skills, methods,
and processes used in the production of
goods or services or in the
accomplishment of objectives, such as
scientific investigation.
•The application of scientific knowledge
to the practical aims of human life or, as it
is sometimes phrased, to the change and
manipulation of the human environment.

SOCIETY
•The aggregate of people living together
in a more or less ordered community.

•A large group of people who live
together in an organized way, making
decisions about how to do things and
sharing the work that needs to be done

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Science as an idea –it includes ideas, theories,
and all available systematic explanations and
observations about the natural & physical world.
• Science as an intellectual activity – it
encompasses a systematic and practical study of
the natural and physical world.
• Science as a body of knowledge – it is a subject
or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of
knowledge that deals with the process of
learning about the natural and physical world.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Science as a personal and social activity – this
explains that science is both knowledge and
activities done by human beings to develop a
better understanding of the world around them.
•Period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.
• Golden age for people committed to scholarly
life in science but it was also a deeply trying
moment to some scientific individuals that led
to their painful deaths or condemnation.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Intellectual revolution pertains to the
period of paradigm shifts or changes in
the scientific beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by the people
(Hintay, 2018).

THE THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT

DEFINED THE SOCIETY
• Ideas of known intellectuals
• Information Revolution
• Cradles of Early Science

IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
In the 6th century, Ptolemy
(Roman mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist),
introduced the geocentric model where it showed that the Earth is the center of
the universe which was thought to be true by most of the people at that time.

NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
Copernicus is an Astronomer who
contradicts the geocentric model and
proposed the Heliocentric Theory
where planets revolve around the
sun.
The change from the belief of
geocentric to heliocentric happened
through the contributions of other
important persons such as:
• Brahe’s observation of the star
Cassiopeia
• Kepler stated that the planets
move in elliptical orbits and the sun
at the center
• Galileo Galilei developed telescope
and observed Venus
• Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation
The Copernican revolution influences
conceptual changes in cosmology,
religion, physics, and philosophy.

IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
UNITED KINGDOM

CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
Formulated his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 that presented
evidence on how species evolved over time and “The Descent of Man (1871)”
that introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary
thinking.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where
organisms change overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or
behavioral traits. The changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its
environment can help it survive and have more offspring
There are 2 main points in his theory:
1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations
that were driven by natural selection
Natural Selection- survival of the fittest

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Freud founded psychoanalysis. He described that the brain can be segmented into
compartments. He developed an observational method to study human's inner life
mainly focuses on human sexuality and evil nature of man.
The Freudian revolution greatly affected or gave rise to the Literature, Visual Arts,
and Music.

INFORMATION REVOLUTION
The Information Revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs,
which is the earliest writing system. Then comes the invention of
Gutenberg’s printing press 1455. There emerged the use of
typewriter and telegraph.
Today, technologies are used widely which became easier with the
help of internet to communicate and disseminate and store
information.

Ancient Sumerian Pictographs

THE FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

1. MESOAMERICAN
Mesoamerican Civilizations

• Mayan
• Inca
• Aztec

Contributions of the Mesoamericans
• The Aztecs had established a great military force.
• The chinampa of the Aztecs used small rectangular area of fertile land to
grow crops on the shallow lake beds.
• The use of rubber is documented in the Maya ball game called tlatchtli.
• They used cocoa beans as a currency.
• The Maya developed an accurate calendar, also known as the Mayan
Calendar.
• The Quipos are used by the Incan for book-keeping
• The Mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor service that takes for
in road and bridge construction, in cultivation of corn and textile production

2. MIDDLE EAST
Contributions in the Middle East:
• The Arab applied the roman principles and improve the watermill known as
noria.
• The middle East is known for their machine designed for the improvement of
irrigation, industrial work and for war. The windmill and watermill are used for
crushing sugarcanes, grinding grain, and pumping water.
• The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water
clocks, water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices.
• The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explained
steam power and a blueprint of a six-piston pump.

3. ASIA
Major contributions in Asia
• Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and herbal medicine were practiced
• Four great inventions in china: Compass, gunpowder, papermaking, printing
• Other: alchemy, which is a Taoist chemistry

4. AFRICAN
Contributions from Africa:
• Africa is known for the production of Kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola
nuts are mostly found in West Africa and is the basis of cola drink).
• Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then
throughout the world
Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea
(Kaopectate).
• They are also highly advanced in medicine such operating autopsies and
caesarian.
• The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of
polders, desalination, and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they
already mastered making steels.