Notes

Its toxicity profile was also assessed by measuring the levels of four sensitive indicators of liver toxicity
Prolonged administration of 1 in ApoE-/- mice fed with a western-type (wt) diet efficiently reduced the aortic atheromatic lesions, an effect that took place through a cholesterol lowering independent manner. In addition, 1 displayed a significant reduction not only of glucose but also of oxidative stress levels, while it did not cause any toxicity. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the antiatherosclerotic effect of a Squalene Synthase inhibitor is studied in this specific atherosclerosis mouse model. As a result, compound 1 may serve as a promising starting point towards developing new bioactive analogues against the onset and subsequent Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this Collagen in the spicule organic matrix of the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata.Decalcification of the calcareous spicules from the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata reveals an organic matrix that may be divided into water insoluble and soluble fractions. The insoluble fraction displays characteristics typical of collagen, which is an unusual component of an invertebrate calcium carbonate structure.

the ordinary cleanser exhibits a collagenous amino acid profile and behavior upon SDS-PAGE. Furthermore, the reducible crosslink, dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL), is detected in this fraction. The composition of the matrix varies seasonally; i.e., the collagenous composition is most prevalent in the summer. These results indicate that the insoluble matrix is a dynamic structure. Potential roles of this matrix in spicule calcification are Type III, IV, and VI Collagens Turnover in Systemic Sclerosis - a Longitudinal Tissue turnover, especially in the skin, is altered in systemic sclerosis (SSc), leading to tissue accumulation.

The objective was to examine type III, IV, and VI collagens turnovers in SSc and investigate longitudinal alterations in relation to modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS). We included patients fulfilling the 2013 ACR/EULAR criteria for SSc (limited cutaneous [lcSSc, n = 20], diffuse cutaneous SSc [dcSSc, n = 23]) and healthy controls (HC, n = 10). Biomarkers of type III, IV, and VI collagens formation (PRO-C3, PRO-C4, PRO-C6) and degradation (C3M, C4M, C6M) were measured in serum. The fibrotic index of the individual collagens (FICol) were calculated. The fibrotic index of type III and VI collagens (FICol3 and FICol6) were increased in dcSSc compared to lcSSc (FICol3: 1 vs. 0, P = 0001; FICol6: 1 vs. 0, P = 03).

ordinary squalane cleanser of type IV collagen (FICol4) was not different between the groups but was 1 times higher than HC (HC: 6, lcSSc 10, dcSSc: 10). Both FICol3 and FICol6 correlated with mRSS with rho's of 09 (P < 0001) and 05 (P = 04). Furthermore, FICol3 steadily decrease over the disease course. Examining collagen turnover and specific collagens could be beneficial in following patients' skin fibrosis and possibly identifying progressors.Conflict of interest statement: P.J., A.

B., and A.S.S are full-time employees at Nordic Bioscience. Nordic Bioscience is a privately-owned; small-medium size enterprise partly focused on the development of biomarkers for rheumatic and fibrotic diseases. None of the authors received fees, bonuses, or other benefits for the work described in the manuscript. All the other authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors have no other relevant affiliation or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.New Altered Non-Fibrillar Collagens in Human Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Role in the Institute of Biomedical Research, University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de BACKGROUND: In dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), cardiac failure is accompanied by profound alterations of extracellular matrix associated with the progression of cardiac dilation and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Recently, we reported alterations of non-fibrillar collagen expression in ischemic cardiomyopathy linked to fibrosis and cardiac remodeling. We suspect that expression changes in genes coding for non-fibrillar collagens may have a potential role in DCM OBJECTIVES: This study sought to analyze changes in the expression profile of non-fibrillar collagen genes in patients with DCM and to examine relationships between cardiac remodeling parameters and the expression levels of these genes.METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three human left ventricle tissue samples were obtained from DCM patients (n = 13) undergoing heart transplantation and control donors (n = 10) for RNA sequencing analysis. We found increased mRNA levels of six non-fibrillar collagen genes, such as COL4A5, COL9A1, COL21A1, and COL23A1 (P < 05 for all), not previously described in DCM. Protein levels of COL8A1 and COL16A1 (P < 05 for both), were correspondingly increased.

We also identified TGF-β1 significantly upregulated and related to both COL8A1 and COL16A1. Interestingly, we found a significant relationship between LV mass index and the gene expression level of COL8A1 (r = 053, P < 05).
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