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Chromatography Method Determination Application Studies Permeability
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to develop a gas-liquid chromatography method for the determination of the urinary excretion of two nonmetabolizable sugars (lactulose and mannitol) to estimate the intestinal permeability.METHODS Two internal standards (alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranosyde and sucrose) were added to the urine samples prior to derivatization with the aid of a solution of pyridine, [N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl)]-acetamide and chlorotrimethylsilan. Sample preparation was simpler and faster than in other previous methods and the four sugars were resolved within 27 min.RESULTS The inclusion of internal standards reduced the coefficient of variation from 94% to 48%. The method provided better sensitivity, range of analysis, and linearity than a previously published HPLC method reducing variances in the recovery of lactulose and mannitol added to urine. The clinical application of this method was tested in preterm infants fed human milk or cow's milk based formula and in breast fed term infants.

CONCLUSION The method described here for the determination of urinary lactulose and mannitol is more rapid, simpler, and more accurate than other previously Specific dietary oligosaccharides increase Th1 responses in a mouse respiratory Schijf MA(1), Kruijsen D, Bastiaans J, Coenjaerts FE, Garssen J, van Bleek GM, Breast feeding reduces the risk of developing severe respiratory syncytial virus immune-modulating factors in human milk contribute to this protection. Specific dietary prebiotic oligosaccharides, similar to oligosaccharides present in human milk, were evaluated in a C57BL6 mouse RSV infection model. During primary RSV infection, increased numbers of RSV-specific CD4(+) T cells producing gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were found in the lungs at days 8 to postinfection in mice receiving diet containing short-chain galactooligosacharides, long-chain fructooligosaccharides, and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (termed scGOSlcFOSpAOS). In 2'-fucosyllactose -skewed formalin-inactivated (FI)-RSV vaccination model, the prebiotic diet reduced RSV-specific Th2 cytokine (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-5, and IL-13)-producing CD4(+) T cells in the lung and the magnitude of airway eosinophilia at day 4 and 6 after infection. This was accompanied by a decreased influx of inflammatory dendritic cells (CD11b(+)CD11c(+)) and increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells at day 8 after viral challenge. 2'-FL suggest that specific dietary oligosaccharides can influence trafficking andor effector functions of innate immune, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cell subsets in the lungs of RSV-infected mice. In our models, scGOSlcFOSpAOS had no effect on weight but increased viral clearance in FI-RSV-vaccinated mice 8 days after infection.

The increased systemic Th1 responses potentiated by scGOSlcFOSpAOS might contribute to an accelerated Th1Th2 shift of the neonatal immune system, which might favor protective immunity against viral infections with a high attack rate in early infancy, such Effect of dietary lactose at levels comparable to human consumption on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism of conventional and germfree rats.In recent years, the use of milk products and the concomitant intake of lactose have been tentatively linked to the etiology of cardiovascular disease. An effect of lactose on the microbial modification of acid and neutral sterols has been suggested. In the present study lactose intake, ranging up to % of total diet increased beta-muricholic (beta-MC) but not cholic acid concentrations in conventional (CV) rat small intestine to the extent that at the % and % intake level, the intestinal cholic beta-MC ratio approached that in germ-free 13, but remained at less than half the value found in GF rats. At lactose intake levels within a range corresponding to the consumption of dairy products often recommended for adult man (5% to %) only moderate changes in intestinal, and little change in fecal BA were found during and after the 3 months experimental period. Intestinal beta-MC was increased in the presence and in the absence of an intestinal microflora. Experiments with GF rats fed % lactose or % maltose indicated that this increase is evoked similarly by both carbohydrates.

The slight increase in serum cholesterol levels seen with disaccharide feeding, which became evident only in the GF rats, was again not specific for lactose. No influence was found of lactose feeding on liver cholesterol values. Comparison of CV rats fed nonsterile and radiation-sterilized lactose-containing diets suggested that this mode of sterilization has only a minor influence on the resulting data. When GF experiments are to be incorporated, sterilazation of diet by irradiation with 3 to 4 X (6) Rad is preferable to autoclaving.
Read More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-Fucosyllactose